ABSTRACT
The political culture of the 90’s, however, is challenging “centers” and “arenas,” decentering and overtly questioning traditional popular movements, whose participants are surprised by ethnic and gender demands. The leadership of the popular movements regarding indigenous peoples’ issues was not far from either nation-state or political party goals, since these movements were formed under a class-based historical process. The Pachakuti can be compared to the concept of the “long waves of Kondratiev,” as “a major restructuring of the world economy, crises of ideologies, culture and civilization”. The Pachakuti can also be seen as the space where different levels of problems, debates, and political stands over organizing are taking place, amid the encounters of the Indigenous, Popular, and Black Resistance movement. Indigenismo and populist discourses that for a long time attempted to speak for indigenous peoples—taking Indian voices away—had almost run into a crisis of representativity.
