ABSTRACT
In a Leninist state, the Communist party holds a monopoly on state power and defines "ideology" as what Karl Marx called the "second side" of the superstructure, namely, the ideas and convictions that support the existence of the system. The Soviet Communist Party under Lenin and Stalin envisioned the cultivation of "new people" uniquely imbued with "socialist morality" who acted spontaneously and habitually in accordance with socialist values. Since 1949 positive education has become a routine of life, pervading the different levels of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) schools, the Socialist College of Democratic Parties, the Communist Youth League schools, and the trade unions' cadre schools. The CCP's ideological control incorporates sophisticated "hard" and "soft" tactics employed during political struggles. Ideological control in the wake of the Tiananmen crackdown was different from that in the past—people simply lied to pass official investigations and the authorities were satisfied as long as they could report something to their superiors.
