ABSTRACT
Growth rate is measured before sexual maturity is attained. Gain testing can be done only in the period before fertility can be measured. Fertility is a physiological state that continually varies, even between comparable individuals, because of normal physiological variation in living organisms. Fertility examination in bulls is never complete without examination of the internal organs and until they can be certified free from abnormalities affecting the genitalia and sperm quality. Heavy front quarters, well-defined muscling, and well-developed front quarters and neck are the natural results of normal hormone levels and fertility in adult bulls. Tallness, Iong-legged-ness, a flat appearance and broad hips, and lack of muscling are associated with underdeveloped scrotal size and poor fertility or libido. Fertility examination in bulls is never complete without examination of the internal organs and until they can be certified free from abnormalities affecting the genitalia and sperm quality.
