ABSTRACT
The Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish Communist parties were established in the aftermath of World War I and the successful Russian Revolution. The local Communists had become ardent nationalists, expending a great deal of energy and suffering many casualties in the common struggle against foreign occupation. The local Communists had become ardent nationalists, expending a great deal of energy and suffering many casualties in the common struggle against foreign occupation. There was considerable Communist willingness to cooperate with other political groups in the underground in Denmark and Norway, or in a broad antifascist front in neutral Sweden. The debate concerning the international communist movement has been over whether there is one center of world communism, whether there are several centers, or whether there are multiple national communisms. The Social Democrats were nationalists at heart, although their rhetoric paid much attention to internationalism.
