ABSTRACT
This chapter examines the character of Indian developments in science and technology (S&T), their application to national development, and their increasing role in India's relations with its neighbors and the world. It focuses on the role of scientific and technological research and development (R&D) in enhancing technology innovation in industry and agriculture in India. India's prime application of technology to industry has focused on import substitution, with many Indian industries shielded from outside competition by substantial entry barriers to imports. The single most impressive statement about India's scientific and technical manpower is that India contains the world's third largest number of trained scientists and engineers, exceeded only by the USSR and the United States. India's level of expenditures for R&D and related S&T activities ranks tenth or twelfth among the nations of the world. India has developed a substantial R&D establishment, funded by the central government, with responsibility to work on all of the important areas of Indian industry.
