ABSTRACT
In the forms of agriculture so far considered, the units of organisation, whether farms or plantations, are controlled by the individuals who own or manage them. The U.S.S.R. and China account for most of the state-controlled farming but it applies also to a greater or lesser extent in other countries with communistic forms of government. The most fundamental difference between them and the collectives of the U.S.S.R. and China is that the kibbutzim are voluntary organisations and are free to determine their own programmes without the necessity of fulfilling government quotas for stated products. In the U.S.S.R., in theory, the land of a collective farm is national state property but is leased permanently by title deeds to the workers of the farm. Cropping is impossible over most of the north because of cold and much of the south because of aridity. The great mountain ranges also prevent cultivation or restrict it to favoured valleys.
