ABSTRACT
The years of the break-up of the simple contrasting polarities of the Cold War, which had been accompanied by notions of 'convergence' and 'end-of-ideology', saw a discrediting of both Liberalism and Marxism. The student movement too developed ideologically with a 'rejection of both capitalism and the bureaucratic communism of the Soviet Union; it shunned inherited liberal and socialist preachings as inadequate to the forms of the present'. Neither Marxism nor Liberalism had an adequate analysis or theory of the institution of modern war, and for a new peace movement appeared fundamentally inadequate. An offshoot of the 'convergence and end-of-ideology theses was an undifferentiated liberal theory of totalitarianism; this held that there was basically no difference between right-wing and left-wing tyrannies. The major theoretical attempt to transcend the convergence of capitalist and collectivist materialism and bureaucracy was the revival of Marxian alienation concepts.
