ABSTRACT
Feet are an interface between the body and the environment. They are complex, dynamic structures with specific mechanical functions. Footwear may change the mechanics of the foot. It also may protect feet from environmental hazards.
Basic anatomy of the foot/ankle
Bones, ligaments, fascia, muscles, and tendons build strong and resilient feet.
Blood, nerve, and lymph systems reach all the way to the toe tips.
Ankle and foot mechanics create sturdy but vulnerable structures.
Foot morphology differences and deformities present design challenges.
Foot and ankle structures need protection.
Footwear: Protection and risks
Environmental challenges include thermal, impact, and foot/ground contact, e.g. athletic footwear, winter boots, golf shoes
The “wet” foot is prone to injury, e.g. military boots, ski boots
Cultural and social demands: Fashion and/or function trade-offs, e.g. dress shoes, high heels, ballet shoes
The foot is compressible and deformable, footwear can lead to foot problems
Footwear design for stability and mobility, e.g. orthotics, ankle braces
Fit and sizing systems for diverse markets
Multiple factors affect foot shapes.
The shoe last as basis for shoe shape and size does not always represent foot anatomy.
