ABSTRACT
Schematic diagram of a microalga cell summarizing the biochemical pathways of nitrogen and phosphorus remediation. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC1_2_PC.tif"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC1_2_OC.tif"/> Red tide recorded in Nozha Hydrodrome, Nov. 2002 (A) (Shakweer and Gharib 2005); and Western Harbor, 2013 (B) (Gharib and Dorgham 2006). https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC2_1_PC.jpg"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC2_1_OC.jpg"/> Species recorded from the Eastern Harbor and Abu Qir area. (A) <italic>Oscillatoria nigroviridis</italic>, (B) <italic>Oscillatoria</italic> spp., (C) <italic>Planktothrix</italic> c.f. <italic>agardhii</italic>, (D) <italic>O. acutissima</italic>, (E and F) <italic>O. limosa</italic>, (G and H) <italic>Lyngba</italic> sp. and (I) large mat of <italic>O. acutissima</italic> in the Eastern Harbor (the platform of oceanography department) (Ismael 2012). https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC2_2_PC.jpg"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC2_2_OC.jpg"/> Farm visit and clinicopathological pictures of affected Nile Tilapia. The farm visit revealed (A) an earthen pond with dark green water, some dead fish on the water surface and huge quantities of waterweeds and water hyacinth and (B) the presence of dead Nile Tilapia on the pond bunds. Closer examination found (C) large-size dead fish with detached scales and external hemorrhages, (D) moribund fish exhibiting abdominal distension and vent inflammation and (E) gill filaments showing a marbling appearance. Panel (F) shows wet mount broth culture with Gram-positive cocci arranged in a chai (black arrow) (Gram’s stain × 1,000) (Abu-Elala et al. 2016). https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC2_3_PC.jpg"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC2_3_OC.jpg"/> Images indicating (a) anaerobic environment, (b) facultative zone (high euglenoids growth and (c) maturation ponds observed in algae-based treatment ponds. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC3_1_PC.jpg"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC3_1_OC.jpg"/> Floating bamboo raft method (FBR method). https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC13_1_PC.jpg"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC13_1_OC.jpg"/> Off-bottom monoline method (OM method). https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC13_2_PC.jpg"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC13_2_OC.jpg"/> Off-bottom monoline net fenced method (OMNF method). https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC13_3_PC.jpg"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC13_3_OC.jpg"/> Off-bottom monoline tubular method (OMT method). https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC13_4_PC.jpg"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC13_4_OC.jpg"/> Off-bottom monoline net bag method (OMNB method). https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC13_5_PC.jpg"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC13_5_OC.jpg"/> Cyanobacterial colonies. (a) <italic>Microcystis</italic>—colonies with irregularly spread cells, (b) <italic>Synechococcus</italic>—simple coccoid cyanobacterium, (c) <italic>Gloeocapsa</italic>—Spherical cells surrounded by a vesicular sheath, (d) <italic>Gomphosphaeria</italic>—radially arranged cordate cells in a hollow spherical mucilaginous matrix, (e) <italic>Chroococcus</italic>—cells with distinct two- and four-celled dividing stage, (f) <italic>Merismopedia</italic>—flat colonies with regularly arranged cells, (g) <italic>Spirulina</italic>—spirally twisted trichome, (h) <italic>Oscillatoria</italic>—simple trachomatous form, (i) <italic>Lyngbya</italic>—a filamentous form with lamellated sheath, (j) <italic>Phormidium</italic>—trichomes enclosed in a delicate sheath, (k) <italic>Trichodesmium</italic>—many trichomes aggregated into bundles (l) <italic>Nodularia</italic>—heterocystus filamentous form (m) <italic>Anabaena</italic>—filament with intercalary heterocys surrounded with akenites, (n) <italic>Scytonema</italic>—heterocystous filament with false branching, (o) <italic>Calothrix</italic>—filaments with basal heterocysts, (p) <italic>Hormothamnion</italic>—epilithic intercalary heterocystus filamentous form with hard mucilage sheath and (q) <italic>Mastigocoleus</italic>—heterocystus true branched filamentous form. (Figures a, d, h, l and m—dark field microscopic view; c, f, g, i, j, k, n, o and q—bright field microscopic view; b, e and p—confocal microscopic view). https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC14_1_PC.jpg"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC14_1_OC.jpg"/> Pictures of survey-locations (1–12). 1. Sandy sea shore of Nagore (Bay of Bengal). 2. Muddy sea shore of Adhirampattinam (Palk straight). 3. Rocky shore of Mandapam (Gulf of Mannar). 4. Coral reef of Kurusadai island (Gulf of Mannar). 5. Muthupettai lagoon region (Palk Strait). 6. Epiphytic cyanobacteria on the pneumatophores of mangroves. 7. Stagnant sea water puddle with cyanobacterial blooms. 8. A portion of bloom of <italic>Trichodesmium erythreum</italic> (Mandapam region, Gulf of Mannar). 9. A salt pan with dense cyanobacterial growth (Palk Bay). 10. Bloom of cyanobacteria in unused salt pan. 11. Cyanobacterial mat in stagnant sea water in Nagapattinam (Bay of Bengal). 12. Collection of cyanobacteria on the drifted sea grasses at Devipattinam shore (Palk Bay) . https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC14_2_PC.jpg"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC14_2_OC.jpg"/> Schematic representation of bubble column photobioreactor. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC15_4_PC.tif"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC15_4_OC.tif"/> Schematic representation of airlift photobioreactor. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC15_5_PC.tif"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC15_5_OC.tif"/> Schematic representation of horizontal photobioreactor. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC15_6a_PC.tif"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC15_6a_OC.tif"/> Schematic representation of flat panel photobioreactor. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC15_7a_PC.tif"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC15_7a_OC.tif"/> Schematic representation of stirred tank photobioreactor. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC15_9_PC.tif"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC15_9_OC.tif"/> Schematic representation of soft frame photobioreactor. (Right side figure adapted from Hoang Nhat Phong Vo et al. (2019); Left side figure source from The Algae Science Center at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Plant Sciences <uri xlink:href="<a href="https://www.fz-juelich.de" target="_blank">https://www.fz-juelich.de</a>)"><a href="https://www.fz-juelich.de" target="_blank">www.fz-juelich.de</a>)</uri>. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC15_10_PC.tif"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC15_10_OC.tif"/> Schematic representation of hybrid photobioreactor. (Adapted from Hoang Nhat Phong Vo et al. (2019).) https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC15_11_PC.tif"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC15_11_OC.tif"/> Influence of liquid velocity on the specific power consumption of raceway reactors and the overall effect of flow disturbing elements. For single channels, the Manning equation can be used, but when including the presence of flow disturbing elements, the Bernoulli equation is recommended. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC18_2_PC.tif"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC18_2_OC.tif"/> Mass transfer coefficient values required in the sump to avoid oxygen accumulation above 15 mg·L<sup>−1</sup> according to the methodology proposed in Barceló-Villalobos et al., (2018a, modified). https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC18_3_PC.tif"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC18_3_OC.tif"/> Location of algal mass cultivation in Thailand. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC21_1_PC.tif"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC21_1_OC.tif"/> Macroalgae mass cultivation at Aquaculture Research and Development Center at Phetchaburi Coastal: (a) <italic>C. lentillifera</italic>, (b) <italic>Ulva regida</italic> and (c) <italic>Halymenia durvillei.</italic> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC21_2_PC.jpg"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC21_2_OC.jpg"/> 1. <italic>Padina dubia.</italic> 2. <italic>Padina gymnospora</italic>. 3. <italic>Padina boryana</italic>. 4.<italic> Tricleocarpa fragilis</italic>. 5. <italic>Sargassum cristaefolium</italic>. 6. <italic>Amphiroa fragilissima</italic>. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC23_1_PC.jpg"/> https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429057892/f64a535b-d181-4821-9df8-b40b28c4cb1b/content/figC23_1_OC.jpg"/>
