ABSTRACT
Nanomaterials can be metals, ceramics, polymeric materials, or composite materials. Metal oxides form an important group of functional materials with diverse structural, electronic, magnetic, and optical properties. Applications of metal oxides include magnetic memory, sensors, field emission, corrosion-resistant coatings, catalysis, piezoelectric devices, microelectronic circuits, fuel cells and photo-electrochemical cells. A solar cell or photovoltaic cell converts sunlight directly into electricity by photovoltaic effect. Use of solar-powered products is one of the best possible ways to save exploitation of fossil fuels. Organic and polymer solar cells are made up of organic semiconductors with thin films of about 100 nm thickness. Polycrystalline photovoltaic solar cells are connected and encapsulated in a module that is laminated by backing materials. In a traditional solar cell, silicon is used as the source of photoelectrons and for providing the electric field which separates the charges and current flows.
