ABSTRACT
Mild to moderate asthma are now mostly controllable by current treatment; however, in contrast, several respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), severe asthma, and smoking asthma, have little clinical bene™t for the corticosteroid treatment (Vestbo et al., 1999; Barnes, 2010). In addition, cystic ™brosis is also a therapy-resistant inŠammatory disease with high mortality, which shows increased neutrophilia, a wide range of proinŠammatory gene expression, and
14.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 337 14.2 PI3K Family .................................................................................................. 338 14.3 Lipid Phosphatase .........................................................................................340 14.4 PI3K and Cell Function ................................................................................ 341
14.4.1 Granulocytes (Neutrophils and Eosinophils) ................................... 341 14.4.2 Macrophages and Dendritic Cells .................................................... 342 14.4.3 Lymphocytes ..................................................................................... 343 14.4.4 Other Cells ........................................................................................344
