Erythrocyte Counts and Related Values in Avians

  422Table 1 Erythrocyte Counts and Related Values in Avians.

RBC

Hct

Hb

LX W

MCV

MCH

MCHC

Class Aves

Subclass Neornithes (Recent Birds)

Order Tinamiformes (Tinanmous)

Family Tinamidae

Rhynchotus rufescens¹⁷⁰, red-winged tinamou, captive, n =25

1.87

34.3

22.0

–

183

–

–

Order Struthioniformes (Ratites)

Family Struthionidae (ostriches)

Struthio camelus australis ¹⁴, blue necked ostrich, 1–7yr, captive, n=5–8

1.98

50.5

14.2

–

235

75

29

Struthio camelus australis ⁷⁴ ♂, South African ostrich, semi-free, n=3

1.89

48.4

15.6

14.0 × 7.9

256

83

32

Struthio camelus australis ⁷⁴ ♀, semi-free, n=3

1.94

49.5

15.8

14.0 × 7.9

255

81

32

Struthio camelus australis ⁷⁴, suspended in plasma

–

–

–

15.3 × 9.3

–

–

–

423Struthio camelus ¹² ♂, African ostrich, adult, farmed, n ≥30

1.80

33.0

12.5

–

170

61

33

Struthio camelus ¹² ♀, adult, farmed, n ≥36

1.70

33.0

11.8

–

177

62

33

Struthio camelus ¹², farmed, 1–3mo, n ≥10

1.30

30.0

8.9

–

159

51

30

Struthio camelus ¹², farmed, 4–5mo, n ≥10

2.00

34.0

11.7

–

165

58

34

Struthio camelus ¹², farmed, 9mo, n ≥5

2.10

37.0

12.7

–

164

57

35

Struthio camelus ¹², farmed, 12–72 mo, n =25

1.50

40.0

13.8

–

193

71

37

Struthio camelus ¹⁹⁷, farmed, adult, n=apparently 50

2.10

43.3^a

16.7^a

16.2 × 11.3

206

79

39

Struthio camelus ¹⁹⁷, farmed, juvenile, n=apparently 50

1.80

36.0^a

10.9^a

16.5 × 11.4

200

61

30

Struthio camelus massaicus ³⁵, massai ostrich, 5mo juveniles, n=4

1.91

37.0^a

13.3^a

13.2 × 7.5

197

71

36

Struthio camelus massaicus ³⁵, same subjects as above one year later, n=4

2.42

48.0^a

15.6^a

13.3 × 7.5

201

65

33

Struthio camelus ³⁴, reared chicks, 4–6wk, ∼5kg, control, n=10

–

35.1^a

–

–

–

–

–

Struthio camelus ³⁴, reared chicks, 4–6wk, water deprivation, 5days, n=10

–

38.9^a

–

–

–

–

–

Struthio camelus ¹⁵¹, adult, sampled under field conditions

1.80

45.0

16.9

–

212

82

38

Struthio camelus ¹⁵²

–

–

–

14.1 × 8.7

–

–

–

Struthio camelus ¹⁶⁹,

1.70

32.0

12.2

–

174

61

33

Struthio camelus ^{171, 338,} >5 yr

1.50

35.0

11.7

–

219

78

33

Struthio camelus ^338, 5–6 months

1.70

33.8

10.8

–

192

64

32

Struthio camelus ²⁹⁸, adult, apparently farmed for meat, n=24

1.77

48.7

14.2

–

275

80

29

Family Casuariidae (cassowaries)

Casuarius casuarius ¹⁴ ♂, Australian or double wattled cassowary, adult, captive, n=4

2.10

50.8

14.5

–

246

70

29

Family Dromaiidae (emus)

Dromaius novaehollandiae ¹⁵¹, emu, adults,

1.85

47.4

16.0

–

219

87

39

indices per Wintrobe formulae based on reported hemogram

256

86

34

Dromaius novaehollandiae ³³⁹, lymph leukemia, 11-16-94, n=1

–

16.5

–

–

–

–

–

Dromaius novaehollandiae ³³⁹, lymph leukemia, 12-02-94, n=1

–

11.5

–

–

–

–

–

Family Rheidae (rheas)

Rhea americana ¹⁵⁷, common rhea, greater rhea, nandu

–

–

–

13.4 × 7.8

–

–

–

Rhea americana ^171,338, 1yr

2.25

41.6

13.4

–

185

60

32

424Order Struthioniformes (Ratites)

Family Rheidae (rheas)

Pterocnemia pennata ²⁷³, lesser rhea, 4–7 rmo old, n=64

2.10

42.0^a

15.1^a

–

210^a

72

36^a

Pterocnemia pennata ²⁷³, farmed juvenile, 8–24 mo old, n=24

2.30

48.0

17.8

–

218

77

37

Pterocnemia pennata ²⁷³, farmed adult, >24 mo old, n=36

2.20

48.0

17.8

–

219

81

37

Order Gaviiformes (Loons)

Family Gaviidae (loons)

Gavia immer ²⁹⁹, common or great northern loon, adult, n=117

–

47.0^a

–

–

–

–

Gavia immer ²⁹⁹, chick 1wk-2mo old, n=13

–

40.0^a

–

–

–

–

Gavia arctica ³³³, arctic loon, oiled from Apex Houston spill n=16

–

32.9

–

–

–

–

–

Order Sphenisciformes (Penguins)

Family Spheniscidae (penguins)

Pygoscelis papua ⁴⁸, gentoo penguin, adult, wild, n=13–14

2.24^a

45.0^a

17.2^a

–

206

77

38

Pygoscelis papua ⁴⁸, juvenile, wild, n=5

1.62^a

37.0^a

13.1^a

–

232

81

35

Pygoscelis papua ⁴⁸, adult, captive, n=10–14

–

44.0

16.0

–

–

–

37

Pygoscelis papua ⁷⁷, adult, captive, n=12–14

1.60

43.0

16.1

–

274

99

36

Pygoscelis papua ⁷⁵ adult, wild, n=5

–

43.4

16.4

–

–

–

38

Pygoscelis papua ⁷⁵, chicks, 3–4 wk old, wild, n=6

–

31.1

11.9

–

–

–

39

Pygoscelis papua ^{85, 292}, adult, wild, n=20

1.77

45.0

16.3

14.1 × 8.2

255

93

36

Pygoscelis papua ¹⁶⁰, n=6–44

2.92

47.8

17.3

–

185

90

37

Pygoscelis papua ¹⁴⁵, captive, n=9–20

1.61

45.0

15.7

–

258

95

38

425Pygoscelis adeliae ⁷⁵, adelie penguin, adult, wild, n=8

–

46.2

16.5

–

–

–

38

Pygoscelis adeliae ⁷⁵, chicks, 3–4wk old, wild, n=12

–

29.0

11.1

–

–

–

38

Pygoscelis adeliae ^{85, 292}, adult, wild, n=24

2.17

50.3

17.6

13.7 × 8.5

235

82

35

Pygoscelis adeliae ¹⁰⁸, adult, wild, n=2♂, 1♀

–

46.3

16.3

–

–

–

35

Pygoscelis antarctica ⁷⁵, chinstrap penguin, adult, wild, n=6

–

52.8

19.6

–

–

–

38

Pygoscelis antarctica ^{85, 292}, adult, wild, n=21

1.91

46.3

16.6

13.4 × 8.6

243

87

36

Pygoscelis antarctica ¹⁹⁴, nestling, wild, n=19

–

33.0^abd

–

–

–

–

–

Pygoscelis antarctica ¹⁹⁴, juvenile, wild, n=32

–

41.8^abd

–

–

–

–

–

Pygoscelis antarctica ¹⁹⁴, adult, molting, wild, n=10

–

42 2^abc

–

–

–

–

–

Pygoscelis antarctica ¹⁹⁴, adult, breeding, wild n=25

–

51.1^abe

–

–

–

–

–

Pygoscelis adeliae ¹⁰⁷, 1 day post hatching, wild

∼1.80

∼43

6.5–7.0

13–14 X ∼8

220–240

∼45

∼18–21

Pygoscelis adeliae ¹⁰⁷, just prior to independence (water entry)

∼1.9

∼44

∼14

13–14 X ∼8

220–240

∼75–80

∼36–40

Pygoscelis papua ¹⁰⁷, 1 day post hatching, wild

∼0.6

∼24

∼4.5–5.0

13–14 X ∼8

220–240

∼45

∼18–21

Pygoscelis papua ¹⁰⁷, just prior to independence (water entry)

∼1.8

∼42

14.5–15.5

13–14 X ∼8

220–240

∼75–80

∼36–40

Pygoscelis antarctica ¹⁰⁷, 1 day post hatching, wild

∼0.9

∼22

∼4.5–5.0

13–14 X ∼8

220–240

∼45

∼18–21

Pygoscelis antarctica ¹⁰⁷, just prior to independence (water entry)

∼1.7

∼38–39

14.5–15.5

13–14 X ∼8

220–240

∼75–80

∼36–40

Genus Eudyptes (crested penguins)

Eudyptes(crestatus) chrysocome¹⁴⁵, rockhopper captive, n=11–17

1.94

46.0

17.9

–

234

92

39

Eudyptes (crestatus) chrysocome⁴⁸, adult, wild n=33–43

2.36^a

45.0^a

16.4^ab

–

195

69

37^b

Eudyptes (crestatus) chrysocome⁴⁸, juvenile, wild, n=7

1.95^a

38.0^a

14.0^a

–

201

72

37

Eudyptes (crestatus) chrysocome⁴⁸, adult, captive, n=12–15

–

47.0

17.9^b

–

–

–

37^b

Eudyptes(crestatus) chrysocome⁴⁸, pre-moult, adult, wild, n=9–11

2.53^c

46.0^c

18.4^c

–

184^c

73

40^c

Eudyptes (crestatus) chrysocome ⁴⁸, post-moult, adult, wild, n=7

1.59^c

37.0^c

12.2^c

–

236^c

77

33^c

Eudyptes (crestatus) chrysocome ²³³, wild, n=45

–

51.1

–

–

–

–

–

Genus Spheniscus (black-footed penguins)

Spheniscus magellanicus ⁴⁸, magellanic pen., adult, wild, n=9–12

1.99

42.0

13.9

–

215

70

33

426 Order Sphenisciformes (Penguins)

Family Spheniscidae (penguins)

Spheniscus magellanicus ⁴⁸, pre-moult, adult, wild, n=10–12

2.14

42.0

14.9^c

–

204

70

35^c

Spheniscus magellanicus ⁴⁸, post-moult, adult, wild, n=7

1.78

41.0

12.6^c

–

231

71

31^c

Spheniscus humboldti ⁸³, humboldt or Peruvian penguin, adult, 3 days post-capture, n=15

1.90

41.0

14.4

–

215

76

35

Spheniscus humboldti ⁸³, adult, 15 wk post-capture, n =14

1.80

43.0

15.0

–

238

83

35

Spheniscus humboldti ¹⁴⁵, captive, n=10–24

2.05

48.0

17.6

–

228

85

38

Spheniscus humboldti ¹⁶⁰, n=110–875

2.15

48.9

15.2

–

242

81

31

Spheniscus humboldti ²⁵⁹, wild Chilean, mature, n=51

–

49.4

–

–

–

–

–

Spheniscus demersus ¹⁰⁰, blackfoot, jackass or African penguin, n=41

1.57

46.7

15.4

–

315

103

33

Spheniscus demersus ¹⁴⁵, captive, n=12–42

1.74

44.0

16.8

–

254

95

38

Spheniscus demersus ¹⁶⁰, n =175–345

1.86

46.1

13.7

–

249

80

31

Spheniscus demersus ¹⁷⁷, juvenile captive, healthy, n =11

2.10

42.8

14.2

–

210

70

34

Spheniscus demersus ¹⁷⁷, juvenile, captive, malaria inf. n =18

1.80

38.4

12.7

–

217

69

32

Spheniscus mendiculus ²⁹³ ♂, Galapagos penguin, wild, n=79

–

45.3*

–

–

–

–

–

Spheniscus mendiculus ¹⁹³ ♀, adult, wild, n=53

–

41.7*

–

–

–

–

–

427 Genus Eudyptula (dwarf penguins)

Eudyptula minor ^{18, 29}, little or blue penguin, 1.1kg, wild, n ≥6

1.66

41.2

13.8

18.8 × 9.2

229

79

32

Eudyptula minor ²⁹⁶, adult, wild, non-breeding, n =49–132

2.04

43.2

15.1

–

217

74

34

Eudyptula minor ²⁹⁶, adult, wild, breeding, n =58–113

2.00

42.5

14.3

–

223

72

32

Eudyptula minor ²⁹⁶, adult, wild, molt, n =25–46

1.87^a

45.3^a

15.2

–

252^a

81^a

32

Eudyptula minor ²⁹⁶, adult, wild, overall mean, n =132–291

2.01

43.3

14.5

–

223

74

34

Eudyptula minor ²⁹⁶, adult, wild, good body condition, n=89–213

2.05^b

43.5^b

–

–

–

72^b

–

Eudyptula minor ²⁹⁶, adult, wild, poor body condition, n=40–67

1.88^b

42.6^b

–

–

–

79^b

–

Genus Aptenodytes (giant penguins)

Aptenodytes forsteri ¹⁰⁸ ♂, emperor penguin, n =2

–

47.0

16.9

–

–

–

36

Aptenodytes patagonicus ¹⁴⁵, king penguin, captive, n =6–7

1.58

45.0

16.9

–

288

108

38

Aptenodytes patagonicus ¹⁶⁰, n =7–35

1.49

47.8

16.7

–

262

104

35

Order Podicipediformes

Family Podicipedidae

Aechmophorus occidentalis ³³³, western grebe, oil spill, n=25

–

37.5

–

–

–

–

–

Order Procellariiformes (Tubenoses)

Family Diomedeidae (Albatrosses)

Diomedea immutabilis ¹¹⁹, Laysan albatross, adult, wild, n=79

–

37.9*

–

–

–

–

–

Diomedea immutabilis ¹¹⁹, chick, wild n=72

–

30.4*

–

–

–

–

–

Phoebastria irrorata ²¹⁸, waved albatross, adult, wild, n=47

–

38.2

–

–

–

–

–

428 Order Procellariiformes (Tubenoses)

Family Procellariidae

Pterodroma phaeopygia ¹¹⁹, Hawaiian dark-rumped petrel, adult, wild, n=28

–

49.0

–

–

–

–

–

Pterodroma phaeopygia ¹¹⁹, chick, wild, n=56

–

49.0

–

–

–

–

–

Macronectes giganteus ⁷⁵, giant fulmar, adult, wild, n=14

–

43.4

14.6

–

–

–

34

Macronectes giganteus ³⁰⁰, southern giant petrel, adult, wild, n=20

–

47.4

–

–

–

–

–

Puffinus puffinus ⁴⁹, manx shearwater, fledgling, wild, n=9

2.87

48.0

14.8

–

166

53

32

Puffinus pacifiais ¹¹⁹, wedge-tailed shearwater, adult, wild, n=45

–

48.0*

–

–

–

–

–

Puffinus pacificus ¹¹⁹, chick, wild, n=45

–

37.0*

–

–

–

–

–

Puffinus tenuirostris ³²¹, short-tailed shearwater, late embryo, n=6

1.50

27.0

8.3

–

179

55

31

Puffinus tenuirostris ³²¹, hatchling, 68g, wild, n=3–5

1.50

34.0

10.3

–

221

72

30

Puffinus tenuirostris ³²¹, late nestling, 654g^a, wild, n=16

3.50

53.0^a

13.9^a

–

155^a

41^a

26

Puffinus tenuirostris ³²¹, adult, 588g^a, wild, n=25

3.40

57.0^a

17.2^a

–

178^a

52^a

30

Fulmarus glacialis³¹⁴, wild, arctic, northern/arctic fulmar, n=34

–

42.8

–

–

–

–

–

Calonectris diomedea ³²⁴ ♂, Cory’s shearwater, pre-lay n=28

–

40.5

11.3

–

–

–

28

Calonectris diomedea ³²⁴ ♀, pre-laying, adult, wild, n=19

–

38.7

11.5

–

–

–

30

Calonectris diomedea ³²⁴ ♂, egg-laying, adult, wild, n=28

–

41.9

13.1

–

–

–

31

Calonectris diomedea ³²⁴ ♀, egg-laying, adult, wild, n=19

–

39.8

11.7

–

–

–

29

Calonectris diomedea ³²⁴ ♂, incubation, adult, wild, n=28

–

40.7

11.9

–

–

–

29

Calonectris diomedea ³²⁴ ♀, incubation, adult, wild, n=19

–

39.8

11.9

–

–

–

30

Calonectris diomedea ³²⁴ ♂, hatching, adult, wild, n=28

–

40.3

11.7

–

–

–

29

Calonectris diomedea ³²⁴ ♀, hatching, adult, wild, n=19

–

41.3

12.1

–

–

–

29

429 Order Procellariiformes (Tubenoses)

Family Procellariidae

Calonectris diomedea ³²⁴ ♂, chick-rearing, adult, wild, n=20

–

41.4

11.6

–

–

–

28

Calonectris diomedea ³²⁴ ♀, chick rearing, adult, wild, n=7

–

43.6

12.1

–

–

–

28

Family Hydrobatidae (storm petrels)

Oceanites oceanicus ^{85, 292}, Wilson’s storm petrel, wild, n=30

4.02

49.3

17.0

11.8.X 6.4

125

43

35

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 1 day old, wild, n=6

1.60

27.3

11.7

13.1.X 8.4

171

74

43

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 2 days old, wild, n=4

1.82

26.2

11.6

.–

144

64

45

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 3 days old, wild, n=2

1.76

29.0

12.0

12.1.X 8.x

168

70

42

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 4 days old, wild, n=2

1.96

27.0

12.5

12.0.X 8.4

142

66

46

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 7 days old, wild, n=2

1.92

27.5

9.3

.–

143

49

34

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 8 days old, wild, n=2

2.60

34.0

9.3

12.5.X 7.6

132

36

27

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 10 days old, wild, n=2

2.27

34.0

8.8

12.9.X 7.9

149

39

26

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 12 days old, wild, n=2

2.31

35.0

10.3

12.3.X 8.0

151

45

30

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 13 days old, wild, n=2

2.51

33.5

9.8

12.9.X 8.0

134

39

29

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 14 days old, wild, n=2

2.76

40.8

11.2

.–

147

40

28

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 15 days old, wild, n=2

2.08

30.0

9.6

12.0.X 7.4

145

46

32

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 16 days old, wild, n=2

2.27

33.5

10.4

12.0.X 7.2

149

46

31

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 19 days old, wild, n=2

2.35

30.5

9 6

12.7.X 7.3

130

41

31

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 20 days old, wild, n=2

2.77

37.0

11.0

12.8.X 8.0

133

40

30

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 25 days old, wild, n=1

2.78

30.0

10.0

11.3.X 6.6

108

36

33

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 26 days old, wild, n=2

2.86

32.0

10.2

11.4.X 6.8

112

36

32

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 27 days old, wild, n=1

2.92

31.0

10.5

12.3.X 7.4

106

36

34

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 28 days old, wild, n=4

2.62

35.5

11.1

11.7.X 7.5

135

42

31

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 30 days old, wild, n=4

3.13

34.2

11.5

12.1.X 7.3

110

37

34

430 Order Procellariiformes (Tubenoses)

Family Hydrobatidae (storm petrels)

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 32 days old, wild, n=4

3.60

34.7

12.4

12.0.X 7.4

97

35

36

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 33 days old, wild, n=1

2.38

30.0

10.6

12.7.X 7.1

126

45

35

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 34 days old, wild, n=2

2.67

33.5

11.2

12.5.X 6.7

125

42

33

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 37 days old, wild, n=3

2.96

36.3

14.8

11.1.X 7.4

124

49

39

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 39 days old, wild, n=2

3.98

34.0

12.5

11.9.X 7.3

85

32

37

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 40 days old, wild, n=1

3.64

37.0

14.8

11.8.X 7.4

102

31

40

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 41 days old, wild, n=4

3.38

36.7

14.6

11.9.X 7.2

109

43

40

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 42 days old, wild, n=2

3.60

37.5

14.2

12.5.X 6.9

104

40

39

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 44 days old, wild, n=2

3.99

40.0

14.6

12.2.X 6.7

100

37

37

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 46 days old, wild, n=1

3.16

40.0

15.8

–

127

50

40

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 48 days old, wild, n=3

3.78

38.3

15.7

11.8.X 7.0

104

43

41

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 49 days old, wild, n=2

3.97

40.5

15.7

12.0.X 7.1

103

40

39

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 50 days old, wild, n=2

4.83

37.5

14.2

11.2.X 6.6

79

29

38

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 51 days old, wild, n=1

4.80

39.0

14.2

–

81

30

36

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 55 days old, wild, n=2

4.36

45.0

16.0

11.5.X 6.8

103

37

35

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 59 days old, wild, n=1

4.10

45.0

16.4

10.6.X 7.3

110

40

36

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 60 days old, wild, n=1

4.26

44.0

16.5

11.9.X 7.0

103

39

36

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁶⁷, nestling, 61 days old, wild, n=1

4.59

46.0

17.2

–

100

37

37

Oceanites oceanicus ²⁹², mature, wild, n=30

4.02

49.3

17.0

11.8.X 6.4

125

43

35

431 Order Pelecanif ormes

Family Phaethontidae (tropic birds)

Phaethon rubicauda ¹¹⁹, red-tailed tropicbird, adult, wild, n=45

–

50.4*

–

–

–

–

–

Phaeton rubicauda ¹¹⁹, chick, wild, n=45

–

38.0*

–

–

–

–

–

Family Pelecanidae (pelicans)

Pelecanus onocrotalus ¹¹, white pelican, eastern white pelican, adult, captive, n=6

2.55

41.5

13.9

–

163

55

34

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos ¹⁴⁵, am white pelican captive, n=10

2.30

39.0

13.0

–

166

52

33

Pelecanus occidentalis thagus ⁷¹, Chilean or Humboldt brown pelican, n=3

2.49

44.5

15.3

–

181

63

34

Pelecanus occidentalis occidentalis ⁷¹, West Indian brown or brown pelican, n=3

2.84

39.3

13.0

–

139

46

33

Pelecanus occidentalis ^{105, 123}, adult and juvenile, n=44 (66?)

2.66

45.5

–

12.7 × 6.7

171

–

–

Pelecanus occidentalis ^{25, 145}, captive, n=5

2.70

46.0

14.5

14.2 × 7.8

168

53

32

Order Pelecaniformes

Family Phalacrocoracidae (cormorants)

Phalacrocorax carbo ^{71, 123} ♂, common or great cormorant, n=7

2.91

43.5

13.8

12.9 X 7.0^x

151

47

32

Phalacrocorax carbo ^{71, 123} ♀, L X W sex not recorded, n=6

3.15

47.3

15.3

12.9 X 7.0^x

152

49

32

Phalacrocorax (Leucocarbo) fuscescens ²⁹, black-faced or white-breasted cormorant, fledgling, n=5

2.16

43.4

14.5

–

198

67

33

Phalacrocorax pelagicus ²⁷⁴, pelagic cormorant, wild, n=5

–

30.0

–

–

–

–

–

Phalacrocorax auritus ²⁷⁵, dbl. crested c’mrant, 4–6 wk, n=20

–

31.0

–

–

–

–

–

432 Order Pelecaniformes

Family Sulidae (boobies, gannets)

Genus Sula (boobies)

Sula bassana ^{71, 123}, gannet, adult, captive n=2

2.64

41.0

14.0

12.1 × 6.8

156

51

33

Sula sula ¹¹⁹, red-footed booby, adult, wild, n=35

–

48.0^a

–

–

–

–

–

Sula sula ¹¹⁹, chick, wild, n=35

–

44.0^a

–

–

–

–

–

Sula sula ³³⁵, wild, Galapagos Islands, n=20

–

50.0

–

–

–

–

–

Sula granti ³³⁵, nazca booby, wild, Galapagos Islands, n=23

–

51.0

–

–

–

–

–

Sula leucogaster ¹¹⁸ ♂, brown booby, adult, wild, n=35

–

45.0^a

–

–

–

–

–

Sula leucogaster ¹¹⁸ ♀, adult, breeding, wild n=35

–

45.0^a

–

–

–

–

–

Sula leucogaster ¹¹⁸, immature, 77–95 days, wild n=35

–

40.0^x

–

–

–

–

–

Family Fregatidae (Frigatebirds)

Fregata minor ¹¹⁹ ♂, great frigatebird, adult, wild, Tern Island, n=10

–

49.0*^a

–

–

–

–

–

Fregata minor ¹¹⁹ ♀, adult, wild, Tern Island, n=10

–

52.0*^a

–

–

–

–

–

Fregata minor ¹¹⁹, chick, wild, Tern Island, n=10

–

45.0^x

–

–

–

–

–

Fregata minor ¹¹⁹ ♂, adult, Laysan Island wild, n=20

–

51.0^a

–

–

–

–

–

Fregata minor ¹¹⁹ ♀, adult, wild, Laysan Island, n=20

–

52.0^a

–

–

–

–

–

Fregata minor ¹¹⁹, chick, wild, Laysan Islandn=20

–

44.0^x

–

–

–

–

–

Fregata minor ³³⁵, wild, Galapagos Islands, n=23

–

55.0

–

–

–

–

–

433 Order Ciconiiformes

Family Ardeidae (herons)

Ardea cinerea ⁶² ♂, grey or common heron, n=7,

2.49

40.0

13.2

12.6 × 7.8

161

53

33

Ardea purpurea ¹⁹⁹, purple heron, adult,captive, n=4

2.49

42.9

12.9

14.5 × 8.2

172

52

30

Nycticorax nycticorax ¹⁴⁵, black-crowned night heron, night heron captive, n=22

2.60

45.0

15.1

–

178

60

34

Nycticorax nycticorax ¹⁹⁹, adult, captive, n=15,

2.84

45.4

14.0

14.2 × 8.7

160

50

31

Nycticorax nycticorax ¹⁹⁹, young, captive, n=33,

2.90

44.6

13.4

14.2 × 8.7

154

45

30

Egretta garzetta ¹⁹⁹, little egret, adult, captive, n=12,

2.87

50.0

12.4^a

13.6 × 8.3

164

43

27

Egretta garzetta ¹⁹⁹, young, captive, n=16,

2.75

48.3

10.6^a

13.6 × 8.3

176

39

20

Bubulcus ibis ¹⁹⁹, cattle egret, adult, captive, n=9,

2.88^a

45.0

13.7^a

14.2 × 8.4

158^a

48^a

31^a

Bubulcus ibis ¹⁹⁹, young, captive, n=7,

2.59^a

46.4

11.1^a

14.2 × 8.4

180^a

43^a

23^a

Family Balaenicipitidae (shoebills)

Balaeniceps rex ⁹⁷, shoebill, whalebird, adult, captive, n=2

1.70

38.1

10.4

–

224

61

27

Family Cathartidae (new world vultures)

Vultur gryphus ^{17, 123}, Andean condor, >15 yr, captive, n=2

2.31

43.7

13.4

15.7 × 7.9

190

59

31

Vultur gryphus ⁷⁰, adult, captive, n=9

2.40

42.0

13.5

–

175

57

32

Sarcoramphus papa ^{17, 123}, king vulture, 2–15 yr, captive, n=6

2.60

42.7

14.4

14.0 × 7.5

166

56

34

Sarcoramphus papa ¹⁸⁴, captive, n=2

3.50

43.0

–

–

123

–

–

Cathartes aura ^{25, 145}, turkey vulture, captive, n=10

2.70

54.0

16.3

14.0 × 7.5

204

62

30

Cathartes aura ²⁰⁸, n=1

–

–

–

13.6 × 7.9

–

–

–

Cathartes aura ²¹⁹, healthy, wild, n=4

–

49.8

–

–

–

–

–

434 Order Ciconiiformes

Family Cathartidae (new world vultures)

Cathartes aura ²²⁵, wild, n=14

3.92

47.8

14.9

–

140

44

31

Coragyps atratus ²¹⁹, black vulture, Amer black vult, SY, n=21

–

49.8

–

–

–

–

–

Coragyps atratus ²¹⁹, ASY, wild, n=23

–

49.8

–

–

–

–

–

Coragyps atratrus ²²⁵, wild, n=11

5.09

47.0

15.1

–

115

37

32

Order Ciconiiformes

Family Ciconiidae (storks)

Ciconia ciconia ⁴⁶ white stork, adult, wild, free-living, n=7

2.59^a

44.1^a

13.9^a

–

172

54

31

Ciconia ciconia ^{46, 47}, nestling chicks, 15–55 days, n=23

1.87^a

36.2^a

11.1^a

–

226

70

32

Ciconia ciconia ⁴⁷, nestling chicks, 15–40 days, n=13

1.69^a

33.4^a

10.9^a

–

231

74

33

Ciconia ciconia ⁴⁷, nestling chicks, 40–55 days, n=10

2.12^a

40.0^a

12.3^a

–

220

64

30

Ciconia ciconia ⁸², nestlings, wild, <12 days, n=31

1.16^a

25.1^a

10.2^a

–

226^a

90^a

40^a

Ciconia, ciconia ⁸², nestlings, wild, 17–32 days, n=25

1.49^a

34.6^a

11.0^a

–

233^a

73^a

31^a

Ciconia, ciconia ⁸², nestlings, wild, 44–56 days, n=23

2.19^a

40.1^a

12.7^a

–

190^a

57^a

31^a

Ciconia ciconia ⁸², chicks, reared <1 week, n=7

1.14^b

25.0^b

9.2^b

–

220^b

82^b

36^b

Ciconia, ciconia ⁸², chicks reared, 15 days, n=6

1.22^b

32.0^b

11.4^b

–

263^b

91^b

35^b

Ciconia, ciconia ⁸², chicks, reared, 30 days, n=6

1.59^b

36.1^b

11.6^b

–

226^b

74^b

32^b

Ciconia, ciconia ⁸², chicks, reared, 45 days, n=6

1.87^b

41.5^b

12.9^b

–

222^b

68^b

31^b

Ciconia, ciconia ⁸², reared, 90 days, n=6

1.84^b

43.0^b

13.1^b

–

237^b

71^b

31^b

Ciconia, ciconia ⁸², >90 days but <1yr, healthy, n=19

2.20

41.2

14.2

–

192

63

33

435 Ciconia ciconia ¹⁴⁵, captive, n=16

2.40

45.0

15.9

–

189

67

35

Ciconia nigra ²²¹, black stork, nestlings, 25–53 days old, n=36

1.61

32.3

10.5

–

206

67

32

Ciconia nigra ⁴⁷, black stork, nestlings, 59–68 days old, n=7

2.17

41.8

11.5

–

197

55

30

Ciconia maguari ¹⁴⁵, maguari stork, captive, n=5

2.30

46.0

16.1

–

195

69

35

Leptoptilos crumeniferus ¹⁴⁵, marabou stork, captive, n=8

2.30

47.0

15.8

–

202

67

34

Gymnogyps californianus ¹⁷⁹, California condor, age 1–30 days

–

26.2^ab

–

–

–

–

–

Gymnogyps californianus ¹⁷⁹, age 1–6 months

–

33.3^ab

–

–

–

–

–

Gymnogyps californianus ¹⁷⁹, age 6 mo-5yr (subadult)

–

41.9^a

–

–

–

–

–

Gymnogyps californianus ¹⁷⁹, age >5yr (adult)

–

44.0^b

–

–

–

–

–

Gymnogyps californianus ¹⁷⁹, age <6 mo, n=34

–

31.5

–

–

–

–

–

Gymnogyps californianus ¹⁷⁹, age ≥6 mo, n=61

–

42.9

–

–

–

–

–

Mycteria leucocephala ³¹⁶ ♂, painted stork, adult, captive, n =5

3.79*

43.6

17.8

–

117*

48

41

Mycteria leucocephala ³¹⁶ ♀, adult, captive, n =5

2.68*

41.2

17.5

–

162*

69

43

Family Threskiornithidae (ibises and spoonbills)

Geronticus eremita ³⁸, northern bald ibis, waldrapp ibis, captive @ Bireçik, (on Euphrates River), Turkey, n=11

2.80–3.33

38–50

11.1–15.2

–

–

–

–

Geronticus eremita ³⁸, captive, Island of Jersey, British Channel Isles, UK, n=27

2.40–3.80

38–48

12.3–15.1

–

–

–

–

Geronticus eremita ¹⁸⁹, captive, adult, n=∼54♂, ∼36 ♀

–

47.7^a

–

–

–

–

–

Geronticus eremita ¹⁸⁹, captive, young, 1–2 yr old, n=12

–

44.4^a

–

–

–

–

–

Threskiornis molucca ¹⁴⁵, Australian white ibis, white ibis, sheep bird, captive, n=8

3.0

48.0

18.2

–

159

61

38

Plegadis ridgwayi ¹⁹¹, puna ibis, captive, 5–23 yr old, n=11–14

3.00

42.0

16.4

–

140

55

39

436 Order Ciconiiformes

Family Threskiornithidae (ibises and spoonbills)

Plegadis falcinellus ¹⁹⁹, glossy ibis, ibis cara oscura, adult, n=12

3.53

49.9

17.1

14.5 × 8.3

142

49

34

Eudocimus ruber ¹⁴⁵, scarlet ibis, captive, n=15

3.20

49.0

15.3

–

153

49

32

Platalea leucorodia ¹⁹⁹, Eurasian/common spoonbill, adult, n=24

2.97

46.4

15.9

14.9 × 8.6

157

54

34

Order Phoenicopteriformes (Flamingos)

Family Phoenicopteridae (flamingos)

Phoenicopterus chilensis ⁹, Chilean flamingo, 2–3mo chicks, captive, n=10

1.92

33.0

9.4

–

179

51

29

Phoenicopterus chilensis ⁹, 8–9mo juveniles, captive, n=7

2.65

47.0

14.1

–

180

53

30

Phoenicopterus chilensis ⁹, 12mo subadults, captive, n=8

2.91

54.0

15.7

–

186

54

29

Phoenicopterus chilensis ⁹, adult, >18mo, captive, n=24

2.69

46.0

16.2

–

171

61

36

Phoenicopterus chilensis ²⁰², adult, captive, n=32

2.84

46.0

16.9

15.2 × 8.0

164

56

35

Phoenicopterus ruber chilensis ¹⁶ ♂, greater or Chilean flamingo, adult, captive, n=13

2.70*

42.3*

13.1

–

157

50*

32*

Phoenicopterus ruber chilensis ¹⁶ ♀, adult, captive, n=12

3.25*

46.6*

13.1

–

157

43*

29*

Phoenicopterus ruber chilensis ¹⁶, young, sexually immature, <1yr, n=2

2.88

45.0

15.8

–

155

55

35

Phoenicopterus ruber roseus ¹⁶ ♂, greater or pink flamingo, adult, captive, n=2

2.32

41.7

14.3

–

181

62

34

Phoenicopterus ruber roseus ²⁰², adult, captive, n=7

2.88

49.0

18.0

14.5 × 8.3

173

59

37

Phoenicopterus r. roseus ²²², free-living, 1–2.5 mo old, n=28

2.02*

29.9*

12.6

–

150*

64

43*

437 Phoenicopterus r. roseus ²²², captive, 5 mo old, n=10

2.36*

43.2*

14.2

–

187*

58

33*

Phoenicopterus r. roseus ²²², captive, adult, n=32

2.39

45.0

13.5

–

189

57

30

Phoenicopterus roseus ¹⁰, greater flamingo, captive, adult, n=24

2.70

50.0

18.5

–

188

69

37

Phoenicopterus ruber ruber ²⁷, American, Caribbean or rosy flamingo, 2mo–21yr, captive, n=25

1.48

47.9

13.4

–

327

92

28

Phoenicopterus ruber ruber ⁴¹ ♂, adult, captive, n=21

2.50

46.0

16.7

–

185

67

36

Phoenicopterus ruber ruber ⁴¹ ♀, adult, captive, n=15

2.64

49.0

17.4

–

184

66

36

Phoenicopterus ruber ruber ⁴¹ juvenile, <1yr, captive, n=6

1.82^a

36.0^a

10.5^a

–

203

58

29^a

Phoenicopterus ruber ruber ²⁰², adult, captive, n=15

2.39

46.0

15.4

14.8 × 8.2

193

64

33

Phoenicopterus ruber ²¹² ♂, adult, healthy, n=9

2.27

35.2

11.8

–

–

–

33

Phoeniconaias minor ¹⁰, lesser or African dwarf flamingo, adult, captive, n=10

2.70

50.0

16.8

–

188

62

33

Phoeniconaias minor ²⁰², adult, captive, n=2

2.24

45.0

15.4

15.1 × 8.1

202

68

34

Order Anseriformes (Ducks, Geese and Swans)

Family Anatidae

Genus Cygnus (swans)

Cygnus olor ¹³⁷ ♂, mute swan, adult, n=127

–

40.3

14.0

–

–

–

35

Cygnus olor ¹³⁷ ♀, adult, n=101

–

39.3

13.3

–

–

–

34

Cygnus olor ¹³⁷ ♂, adult, acute lead poisoning, n=3

–

31.5

9.7

–

–

–

31

Cygnus buccinator ²²⁷ ♂, trumpeter swan, 3–4 months old, n=6

–

37.3^a

–

–

–

–

–

Cygnus buccinator ²²⁷ ♀, 3–4 months old, captive-raised, n=8

–

33.7^a

–

–

–

–

–

Cygnus buccinator ²²⁷ ♂, 5–6 months old, n=6

–

44.9^b

–

–

–

–

–

Cygnus buccinatlor ²²⁷ ♀, 5–6 months old, n=8

–

45.7^b

–

–

–

–

–

Cygnus buccinatlor ²²⁷ ♂, 7–8 months old, n=3

–

41.3^b

–

–

–

–

–

Cygnus buccinator ²²⁷ ♀, 7–8 months old, n=3

–

47.7^b

–

–

–

–

–

438 Order Anseriformes (Ducks, Geese and Swans)

Family Anatidae

Genus Anser (field geese)

Pilgrim goose³³ ♂, domesticated breed of Anser anser, grelag goose, 1wk gosling, n=10

–

24.7

6.7

–

–

–

27

Pilgrim goose³³ ♀, 1wk gosling, n=10

–

24.4

6.6

–

–

–

27

Pilgrim goose³³ ♂, 4wk gosling, n=10

–

37.7

9.8

–

–

–

26

Pilgrim goose³³ ♀, 4wk gosling, n=10

–

36.2

97

–

–

–

27

Pilgrim goose³³ ♂, 8wk gosling, n=10

–

38.0

11.3

–

–

–

30

Pilgrim goose³³ ♀, 8wk gosling, n=10

–

38.3

11.5

–

–

–

30

Pilgrim goose³³ ♂, 12wk gosling, n=10

–

40.1

12.4

–

–

–

31

Pilgrim goose³³ ♀, 12wk gosling, n=10

–

40.3

12.5

–

–

–

31

Pilgrim goose³³ ♂, 16wk gosling, n=10

–

44.6

13.7

–

–

–

31

Pilgrim goose³³ ♀, 16wk gosling, n=10

–

43.6

13.4

–

–

–

31

Pilgrim goose³³ ♂, 20wk gosling, n=10

–

47.5

14.4

–

–

–

30

Pilgrim goose³³ ♀, 20wk gosling, n=10

–

47.1

14.2

–

–

–

30

Pilgrim goose³³ ♂, 34wk, n=10

–

47.9

15.0

–

–

–

31

Pilgrim goose³³ ♀, 34wk, n=10

–

46.7

14.7

–

–

–

31

Pilgrim goose³³ ♂, 43wk adult, n=10

–

49.7*

15.7*

–

–

–

32

Pilgrim goose³³ ♀, 43wk adult, n=10

–

39.5*

12.7*

–

–

–

32

Pilgrim goose³³ ♂, 50wk adult, n=10

–

49.4*

15.6*

–

–

–

32

Pilgrim goose³³ ♀, 50wk adult, n=10

–

36.4*

10.4*

–

–

–

29

Pilgrim goose³³ ♂, 55wk adult, n=10

–

42.1*

12.9*

–

–

–

31

Pilgrim goose³³ ♀, 55wk adult, n=10

–

37.2*

10.7*

–

–

–

29

439Pilgrim goose³³ ♂, 59wk adult, n=10

–

40.8

13.0*

–

–

–

32

Pilgrim goose³³ ♀, 59wk adult, n=10

–

40.1

12.0*

–

–

–

30

Anser albifrons ¹³⁰, white-fronted goose, lead-poisoned, n=9

–

30.4

4.9

–

–

–

18

Anser albifrons ¹³⁰, after chelation treatment, wild, Japan n=9

–

36.0

6.8

–

–

–

21

Anser albifrons gambelli ⁷⁰, tule white-fronted goose, n=10

2.90

43.0

15.0

–

148

52

35

Anser domesticus ⁷⁰, embden goose, n=≥20

2.60

38.0

11.4

–

146

46

31

Genus Branta (sea geese)

Branta canadensis leucopareia ⁷⁰, Aleutian Canada goose, n∼25

2.60

42.0

13.2

–

162

49

31

Branta canadensis ⁹⁶ ♂, Canada goose, adult, 1yr study, n=10

1.98

45.1

14.1

–

228

71

31

Branta canadensis ^{96 208} ♀, adult, 1yr study, n=10

2.06

46.0

14.4

13.8 × 6.7

223

70

31

Branta canadensis maxima ⁹³ ♂, giant Can goose, Jan, n=10

2.62

51.0

16.2

–

197

62

32

Branta canadensis maxima ⁹³ ♂, adult, Mar, pre-nesting, n=10

2.70^x

52.0

17.1^x

–

194

64

33^x

Branta canadensis maxima ⁹³ ♂, adult, June, post-nesting, n=10

2.16^c

46.0

13.8^c

–

209

64

31^c

Branta canadensis maxima ⁹³ ♂, adult, Oct, fall, n=10

2.32^c

45.0

13.5^c

–

200

59

29^c

Branta canadensis maxima ⁹³ ♀, adult, Jan, winter, n=7

2.75

51.0

16.2

–

188

59

32

Branta canadensis maxima ⁹³ ♀, adult, Mar, pre-nesting, n=7

2.88^x

52.0

17.1^x

–

181

60

33^x

Branta canadensis maxima ⁹³ ♀, adult, June, post-nesting, n=7

2.20^c

46.0

14.2^c

–

211

65

31^c

Branta canadensis maxima ⁹³ ♀, adult, Oct, fall, n=7

2.28^c

45.0

13.7^c

–

198

60

31^c

Branta sandvicensis ⁷⁰, nene or Hawaiian goose, n=17

2.60

46.0

15.5

–

177

60

34

Chen caerulescens ⁹⁶ ♂, snow goose, adult, 1yr study, n=10

2.24

45.6

14.2

–

204

63

31

Chen caerulescens ⁹⁶ ♀, adult, 1yr study, n=10

2.25

46.1

14.6

–

205

65

32

Chen caerulescens ⁹⁶ ♂, blue goose, adult, 1yr study, n=10

2.26

46.6

14.7

–

206

65

32

Chen caerulescens ⁹⁶ ♀, adult, 1yr study, n=10

2.24

45.8

13.8

–

204

62

30

Chen caerulescens ⁹⁶, blue goose, adult, Jan, n=11

2.49

45.8

15.0

–

184

60

33

440 Order Anseriformes (Ducks, Geese and Swans)

Family Anatidae

Chen caerulescens ⁹⁶, adult, Feb, n=11

2.38

46.1

16.6

–

194

70

36

Chen caerulescens ⁹⁶, adult, Mar, n=5

2.91

48.8

15.1

–

168

52

31

Chen caerulescens ⁹⁶, adult, Apr, n=10

2.63

52.8

14.0

–

201

53

27

Chen caerulescens ⁹⁶, adult, May, n=10

2.42

54.8

16.6

–

226

69

30

Chen caerulescens ⁹⁶, adult, June, n=12

2.72

48.2

14.8

–

177

54

31

Chen caerulescens ⁹⁶, adult, July, n=10

2.22

43 9

14.3

–

198

64

33

Chen caerulescens ⁹⁶, adult, Aug, n=14

2.11

42.4

12.6

–

201

60

30

Chen caerulescens ⁹⁶, adult, Sept, n=11

1.77

42.4

13.4

–

240

76

32

Chen caerulescens ⁹⁶, adult, Oct, n=10

2.26

40.5

13.5

–

179

60

33

Chen caerulescens ⁹⁶, adult, Nov, n=9

1.88

38.9

14.2

–

207

76

37

Genus Alopchen

Alopochen aegyptiacus ⁶¹, Egyptian goose, n=4♂, 4♀

3.17

43.8

15.0

13.2 × 7.5

138

47

34

Genus Anas (a genus of surface feeding ducks)

Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos ⁵⁶ ♂, mallard, adult captive, breeding plumage, n=7

3.02

38.5

16.7

12.5 × 6.8

128

55

43

Anas p.platyrhynchos ⁵⁶ ♂, adult, captive, pre-basic moult, n=5

2.63

41.2

15.1

12.9 × 7.1

157

57

37

Anas p.platyrhynchos ⁵⁶ ♂, adult, captive, remige development (after remige moult), n=5

2.48^a

33.9^a

12.0^a

12.4 × 6.6

137

48

35

Anas p.platyrhynchos ⁵⁶ ♂, adult, captive, definitve basic plumage following moulting season, n=7

2.45^a

39.2^a

13.4^a

13.2 × 6.2

160

55

34

441 Anas p.platyrhynchos ⁵⁶ ♂, adult, wild, definitive basic plumage following moulting season, n=5

1.92

40.1

13.8

12.9 × 6.8

209

72

34

Anas p.platyrhynchos ⁹⁸, adult, captive, tame, n=3♂, 5♀

3.06

–

15.6

11.2 × 6.7

–

51

–

Anas platyrhynchos ²³⁸ ♂, 52–80 wk old, Nigerian local, n=7

1.83

36.9

21.3

–

206

119

58

Anas platyrhynchos ²³⁸ ♀, 52–80 wk old, Nigerian local, n=7

1.89

36.3

23.0

–

198

125

51

Anas platyrhynchos ²⁴⁴ ♂, adult, Nigerian local, n=13

2.54

49.2

14.4

–

202

59

30

Anas platyrhynchos ²⁴⁴ ♀, adult, Nigerian local, n=15

2.40

48.3

14.9

–

211

65

31

Anas p. platyrhynchos ⁹³ ♂, adult, Jan, winter, n=4

3.23

50.0

15.9

–

156^c

50

32^c

Anas p. platyrhynchos ⁹³ ♂, adult, Mar, pre-nesting, n=4

3.53^x

51.0^x

15.2^x

–

145^x

43^x

30^x

Anas p. platyrhynchos ⁹³ ♂, adult, July, post-nesting, n=4

1.78^c

38.0^c

10.6^c

–

218^c

62^c

28

Anas p. platyrhynchos ⁹³ ♂, adult, Oct, fall, n=4

2.74^c

46.0^c

13.0^c

–

178^c

51^c

29

Anas p. platyrhynchos ⁹³ ♀, adult, Jan, winter, n=7

3.42

49.0

15.4

–

144^c

46

32^c

Anas p. platyrhynchos ⁹³ ♀, adult, Mar, pre-nesting, n=7

3.81^x

49.0^x

15.0^x

–

130^x

39^x

30^x

Anas p. platyrhynchos ⁹³ ♀, adult, July, post-nesting, n=7

2.14^c

40.0^c

11.9^c

–

189^c

56^c

30

Anas p. platyrhynchos ⁹³ ♀, adult, Oct, fall, n=7

2.38^c

45.0^c

13.8^c

–

192^c

59^c

31

Anas platyrhynchos domesticus ²⁵⁵, desi breed, 1 day old, n=32

1.96

31.9

9.7

–

161

50

30

Anas platyrhynchos domesticus ²⁵⁵, desi breed, 1 mo old, n=32

2.19

31.9

10.7

–

146

49

34

Anas platyrhynchos domesticus ²⁵⁵, desi breed, 3 mo old, n=32

2.36

38.2

10.9

–

162

46

29

Anas platyrhynchos domesticus ²⁵⁵ ♂, adult, desi breed, n=32

2.92*

40.7*

13.3*

–

140*

45*

33

Anas platyrhynchos domesticus ²⁵⁵ ♀, adult, non-laying, n=32

2.42*

38.1*

12.3*

–

159*

51*

33

Anas platyrhynchos ¹²³, n=8

–

–

–

12.0 × 6.7

–

–

–

Anas platyrhynchos ²⁰⁸, wild, n=2

–

–

–

13.1 × 6.6

–

–

–

Anas platyrhynchos ¹²⁸ ♀, mallard ducks, control, n=10

2.88*

–

–

–

–

–

31*

Anas platyrhynchos ¹²⁸ ♀, day 8 post oral lead shot, n=10

2.52*

–

–

–

–

–

25*

Anas platyrhynchos ¹³⁴, control, day 1, n=4

2.83

–

12.0

–

–

42

–

442 Order Anseriformes (Ducks, Geese and Swans)

Family Anatidae

Anas platyrhynchos ¹³⁴, control, day 15, n=4

2.86

–

12.4

–

–

43

–

Anas platyrhynchos ¹³⁴, control, day 30, n=4

2.83

–

12.2

–

–

43

–

Anas platyrhynchos ¹³⁴, control, day 50, n=4

3 04

–

12.8

–

–

42

–

Anas platyrhynchos ¹³⁴, control, day 93, n=4

2.88

–

12.5

–

–

43

–

Anas platyrhynchos ¹³⁴, control, day 113, n=4

3.06

–

12.5

–

–

41

–

Anas platyrhynchos ¹³⁴, control, day 153, n=4

3.20

–

12.4

–

–

39

–

Anas platyrhynchos ¹³⁴, 1 Pb shot every third day, day 1, n=4

2.93

–

12.0

–

–

41

–

Anas platyrhynchos ¹³⁴, 1 Pb shot every third day, day 15, n=4

2.07

–

8.9

–

–

43

–

Anas platyrhynchos ¹³⁴, 1 Pb shot every third day, day 30, n=4

1.91

–

9.7

–

–

51

–

Anas platyrhynchos ¹³⁴, 1 Pb shot every third day, day 50, n=4

2.33

–

10.1

–

–

43

–

Anas platyrhynchos ¹³⁴, 1 Pb shot every third day, day 93, n=4

2.34

–

9.1

–

–

39

–

Anas platyrhynchos ¹³⁴, 1 Pb shot every third day, day 113, n=4

2.39

–

10.1

–

–

42

–

Anas platyrhynchos ¹³⁴, 1 Pb shot every third day, day 153, n=4

2.26

–

10.0

–

–

44

–

Anas platyrhynchos ^135, ♂, adult mallard, baseline, n=9

∼2.6

∼46

∼15.0

–

180

56

31

Anas platyrhynchos ^135,♂, 8 #6 lead shot, ∼day 25, n=8

∼1.9

∼29

∼6.1

–

150

30

20

Anas platyrhynchos ^136,♂, 1yr old, control, n=10

–

42.5

13.4

–

–

–

32

Anas platyrhynchos ^136,♂, 1yr old, Pb x 98 days, n=13

–

21.5

4.7

–

–

–

22

White Pekin duck breed⁷⁹ ♂, Anas platyrhynchos, adult, n=5

–

42.8

12.9

–

–

–

30

White Pekin duck²³⁴ ♂, 8 mo old, in Nigeria, captive, n=11

2.87

43.6*

15.1*

–

154*

54*

35

White Pekin duck²³⁴ ♀, 8 mo old, in Nigeria, captive, n=7

2.80

36.4*

11.9*

–

132*

43*

33

White Pekin duck²⁴⁸, 4–7 weeks old, n=22

2.17

–

10.5

–

–

48

–

443White Pekin duck²⁴⁸, 3 mo-1yr old, n=47

2.52

–

–

–

–

–

–

Anas undulata ⁶², yellow-bill duck, n=9♂, 8♀

3.17

40.7

13.4

12.5 × 7.4

129

42

33

Anas erythrorhyncha ⁶², red-bill teal/pintail, n=8♂, 8♀

3.52

44.6

14.0

12.5 × 7.5

127

40

31

Anas superciliosa ⁷⁸ ♂, gray duck, captive, wild, n=8

2.79

40.0

12.9

–

143

46

32

Anas superciliosa ⁷⁸ ♀, Australian black duck, n=9

2.77

40.4

13.0

–

146

47

32

Anas rubripes ²⁶³, American black duck,

2.78

40.2

13.0

–

145

47

32

Dabbling versus Diving ducks^{24, 208} comparison

Dabbling ducks: Anas platyrhynchos & Anas rubripes, n=7

3.6

43.0

18.0

12.5 × 6.0

119

50

42

Diving ducks: Aytha valisineria & Aythya americana, n=6

3.2

37.0

18.0

–

116

56

49

Desi breed¹⁴¹, 8 wk old, intensive manage., n=5

2.12

28.8

13.3

–

138

63

46

Desi breed¹⁴¹, 16 wk old, intensive manage., n=5

2.30

31.0

14.7

–

134

64

48

Khaki Campbell breed¹⁴¹, 8 wk old, intensive manage., n=5

2.47

31.5

13.0*

–

129*

54

41*

Khaki Campbell breed ¹⁴¹, 16 wk old, intensive manage., n=5

3.11

33.0

16.8*

–

106*

54

51*

Khaki Campbell breed ²⁵⁶ ♂, 8 months old, n=7

3.05

–

12.8

13.4 × 8.6

–

42

–

Khaki Campbell breed ²⁵⁶ ♀, 8 months old, n=13

2.99

–

12.5

13.4 × 8.6

–

42

–

Domestic duck²²⁴ ♂, mixed breeds, in India, adult, n=12

3.02

40.2

13.8

12.1 × 6.5

133

46

34

Domestic duck²²⁴ ♀, mixed breeds, in India, adult, laying, n=12

2.76

38.0

12.2

12.1 × 6.5

138

44

32

Genus Aythya (a genus of diving ducks)

Diving and dabbling ducks²⁴ comparison: see Anas section

Aythya ferina ^{71, 123}, pochard, European pochard, n=2♂, 2♀

3.25

43.7

14.6

12.5 × 6.6

134

45

34

Aythya valisineria ⁸⁰ ♂, canvasback duck, wild, n=26

2.56

51.4

–

13.4 × 6.6

201

–

–

Aythya valisineria ⁸⁰ ♀, wild, n=28

2.56

53.1

–

12.7 × 6.6

207

–

–

444 Order Anseriformes (Ducks, Geese and Swans)

Family Anatidae

Aythya valisineria ⁸¹ ♂, migrating south, wild, n=8

2.63

55.0

16.6

–

209

63

30

Aythya valisineria ⁸¹ ♀, migrating south, wild, n=8

2.87

58.0

16.5

–

202

57

28

Aythya valisineria ⁸¹ ♂, mid-wintering, wild, n=9

2.99

56.0

17.4

–

187

58

31

Aythya valisineria ⁸¹ ♀, mid-wintering, wild, n=29

2.96

55.0

16.7

–

186

56

30

Aythya valisineria ⁸¹ ♂, late-wintering, wild, n=18

3.09

52.0

15.6

–

168

50

30

Aythya valisineria ⁸¹ ♀, late-wintering, wild, n=11

3.28

54.0

15.5

–

165

47

29

Aythya valisineria ⁸¹, ducklings 26–65 days old, wild, n=50

–

44.3

–

–

–

–

–

Aythya valisineria ⁸¹, mixed sex, migrating, wild, n=16

2.75

56.4

16.6

–

205

60

29

Aythya valisineria ⁸¹, mixed sex, wintering, wild, n=71

3.04

54.2

16.3

–

178

54

30

Aythya affinis ⁸⁰ ♂, lesser scaup, wild, n=21

2.40

56.5

–

12.6 × 7.7

235

–

–

Aythya affinis ⁸⁰ ♀, wild, n=9

2.52

58.0

–

13.3 × 7.2

230

–

–

Aythya affinis ²⁶³

2.84

47.0

16.0

–

165

56

34

Aythya affinis ²⁶³

2.45

57.1

–

–

233

–

–

Aythya collaris ⁸⁰, ring-neck duck, wild, n=2♂, 1♀

2.50

49.1

–

–

196

–

–

Aytha collaris ²⁶³

2.54

47.0

14.3

–

185

56

30

Aytha americana ²⁰⁶, redhead duck, wild, n=10♂, n= 1♀

3.36

–

18.2

–

–

54

–

Aytha americana ²⁶³

2.78

44.0

13.5

–

158

49

31

Aytha marila ²⁰⁶, greater scaup, wild, n=9♂, n= 7♀

3.08

–

17.8

–

–

58

–

Aytha marila ²⁶³

2.27

43.0

15.9

–

189

70

37

445Diving ducks assortment⁹³ ♂, adult, Jan, winter, n=5

2.80

49.0

15.4

–

176

56

32

Diving ducks assortment⁹³ ♂, adult, Mar, pre-nesting, n=5

2.49

44.0

14.7

–

178

60

33

Diving ducks assortment⁹³ ♂, adult, July, post-nesting, n=5

1.97

42.0

12.5

–

215

64

30

Diving ducks assortment⁹³ ♂, adult, Oct, fall, n=5

2.12

42.0

14.6

–

205

61

35

Diving ducks assortment⁹³ ♀, adult, Jan, winter, n=9

3.07

48.0

15.2

–

160

51

32

Diving ducks assortment⁹³ ♀, adult, Mar, pre-nesting, -n=9

2.81

48.0

14.8

–

171

54

31

Diving ducks assortment⁹³ ♀, adult, July, post-nesting, n=9

2.45

46.0

15.2

–

190

63

33

Diving ducks assortment⁹³ ♀, adult, Oct, fall, n=9

2.24

42.0

14.0

–

188

64

34

Plectropterus gambensis ⁶² ♂, spur-wing goose, n=4

2.76

42.3

13.5

12.9 × 7.8

153

49

32

Chenonetta jubata ¹⁰⁹ ♂, wood duck, maned duck, n=9

2.88

45.8

14.7

–

160

51

32

Chenonetta jubata ¹⁰⁹ ♀, n=6, wild,

2.59

45.0

15.7

–

174

60

35

Chenonetta jubata ²⁶³

2.79

45.5

15.0

–

164

54

33

Bucephala albeola ⁸⁰, bufflehead, wild, n=2♂, 1♀

2.64

54.3

–

–

206

–

–

Oxyura punctata ⁶², maccoa duck, n=5♂, 5♀

3.12

37.9

15.1

12.3 × 6.2

121

48

39

Oxyura jamaicensis ²⁶³, ruddy duck

2.30

43.0

14.6

–

187

63

34

Melanitta fusca ³²³, white-winged scoter, day 12 of care, n=10

2.59^a

32.1^a

8.2^a

–

124

32

26

Melanitta fusca ³²³, day 26 of care, post oil exposure, n=10

3.46^a

41.5^a

12.3^a

–

120

36

30

Order Falconiformes (Raptors)

Family Accipitridae (hawks and eagles)

Rostrhamus sociabilis sociabilis ⁷⁰, S. amer snail kite, n=10

2.80

42.0

14 0

–

150

50

33

Milvus migrans ^{17, 123}, black kite, 4–6 yr, captive, n=3

2.39

36.2

10.7

14.2 × 8.0

151

45

30

Milvus migrans parasitus ¹⁴⁸, African black kite, captive, n=6

1.93

40.4

20.3

–

209

105

50

Milvus migrans ³⁰⁹, captive, adult, n=13

–

44.0

–

–

–

–

–

446 Order Falconiformes (Raptors)

Family Accipitridae (hawks and eagles)

Genus Accipiter (goshawks)

Accipiter cooperii ^{21, 25} ♂, Cooper’s hawk, adult, migrating, n ≥8

3.65

50.0

–

14.3 × 8.1

137

–

–

Accipiter cooperii ^{21, 25} ♀, adult, wild, migrating, n ≥6

4.10

49.8

–

14.3 × 8.1

121

–

–

Accipiter cooperii ²¹ ♂, immature, wild, migrating n ≥7

3.38

49.6

–

–

147

–

–

Accipiter cooperii ²¹ ♀, immature, wild, migrating n ≥7

3.89

47.4

–

–

122

–

–

Accipiter cooperii ²⁹⁴, wild, migrating, mixed age and sex, n=24

–

52.0

–

–

–

–

–

Accipiter striatus ²¹ ♂, sharp-shinned hawk, adult, wild, migrating, n ≥6

3.73

50.7

–

–

136

–

–

Accipiter striatus ²¹ ♀, adult, wild, migrating n ≥6

3.58

49.7

–

–

139

–

–

Accipiter striatus ²⁹⁴, wild, migrating, mixed age and sex, n=48

–

52.0

–

–

–

–

–

Accipiter gentilis ^{184, 208} northern goshawk, captive n=4

2.83

43.3

–

12.5 × 6.2

146

–

33

Genus Buteo (buzzards or buteos)

Buteo buteo ^{17, 123}, buzzard or common buzzard, 2–4 yr, n=5

2.43

34.7

10.8

14.3 × 7.5

148

45

31

Buteo buteo ¹⁴⁵, captive, n=6

2.40

38.0

12.9

–

159

54

34

Buteo buteo ¹⁹⁸, adult, captive, n=23

2.94

40.8

12.7

–

145

48

32

Buteo buteo ³⁰⁴, captive, adult, n=23

–

41.0

–

–

–

–

–

Buteo jamaicensis ²⁴, red-tailed hawk, immature, free-living, n=3

3.20

43.0

12.6

–

134

39

29

Buteo jamaicensis ²⁶, red-tailed hawk, nestling (early), n=5

1.74

28.0

8.8

–

161

51

31

Buteo jamaicensis ²⁶, red-tailed hawk, nestling (late), wild, n=5

2.35

33.0

11.0

–

140

47

33

447 Buteo jamaicensis ¹⁴⁶, ≥4 yr of age, captive, n=10

2.45

39.4

–

–

161

–

–

Buteo jamaicensis ¹⁵³, n=13

–

45.1

–

–

–

–

–

Circus aeruginosus ¹⁸³ ♂, marsh harrier, Eurasian marsh harrier or western marsh harrier, adult, captive, n=9

2.78

49.3

13.8

13.8 × 8.0

181

47

28

Circus aeruginosus ¹⁸³ ♀, adult, captive, n=4

2.69

49.3

14.8

13.5 × 7.9

190

58

30

Circus aeruginosus ²²⁸ ♂, nestlings 25–28 days old, n=10

–

35.3

–

–

–

–

–

Circus aeruginosus ²²⁸ ♀, nestlings 25–28 days old, n=9

–

34.1

–

–

–

–

–

Circus pygargus ³⁰⁴, Montagu’s harrier, captive, adult, n=5

–

42.0

–

–

–

–

–

Neophron percnopterus ¹⁴⁵, Egyptian vulture, captive, n=4

2.30

43.0

14.8

–

190

68

35

Neophron percnopterus ¹⁹³, pharaoh’s chicken, captive, n=5

2.30

42.5

13.7

15.1 × 7.9

188

60

32

Neophron percnopterus ³⁴⁶, captive, adult & subadult, n=19

2.19

–

–

–

–

–

–

Neophron percnopterus ³⁴⁶, captive, winter, n=15

–

42.5

–

–

–

–

–

Neophron percnopterus ³⁴⁶, captive, spring, n=9

–

50.3

–

–

–

–

–

Stephanoaetus coronatus ¹⁷, crowned eagle, 4–6 yr, captive, n=1

2.18

38.5

12.4

–

177

57

32

Genus Aquila

Aquila heliaca ¹⁷, imperial eagle, 4–6 yr, captive n=1

2.54

36.0

13.1

–

142

52

36

Aquila heliaca adalberti ³⁰⁴, Spanish imp eagle, cptv. adult, n=2

–

40.0

–

–

–

–

–

Aquila chrysaetos ^{17, 123}, golden eagle 10–12 mo, captive, n=2

2.51

40.0

12.0

14.3 × 7.7

160

48

30

Aquila chrysaetos ¹⁹³, mature, captive, n=5

2.56

42.1

13.8

14.7 × 8.2

168

44

33

Aquila chrysaetos ¹⁴⁵, captive, n=4

2.40

41.0

13.8

–

174

59

34

Aquila chrysaetos ²¹⁴, wild in Iran, adult, n=12♂, 9♀

1.63

47.0

9.2

–

288

56

20

Aquila adalberti ¹⁹³, Spanish imperial or adalbert’s eagle, n=12

2.41

43.7

13.6

14.9 × 8.0

180

57

31

Aquila adalberti ²¹⁰, adult, captive, n=6♂, 6♀

2.19

43.0

14.8

–

200

68

34

448 Order Falconiformes (Raptors)

Family Accipitridae (hawks and eagles)

Aquila rapax ⁶² ♂, tawny eagle, n=3

2.43

34.0

13.8

14.3 × 7.7

141

57

41

Haliaeetus leucocephalus ²⁶, bald or American eagle, nestling, ∼8 wk, n=10

–

34.0

–

–

–

–

–

Haliaeetus leucocephalus ²⁶, adult, captive, n=8

–

43.0

–

–

–

–

–

Haliaeetus leucocephalus ³⁶, normal: <0.02 μg Pb/mL blood, n=54

–

43.2

–

–

–

–

–

Haliaeetus leucocephalus ³⁶, exposed to Pb, ≥0.20 but < 0.60μg Pb/mL blood, n=6

–

39.8

–

–

–

–

–

Haliaeetus leucocephalus ¹³¹, captive, control, adultpre-dose, n=5

–

45.0^x

15.3^x

–

–

–

34

Haliaeetus leucocephalus ¹³¹, day 1 post oral Pb shot, n=5

–

41.0

13.5

–

–

–

33

Haliaeetus leucocephalus ¹³¹, day 3 post oral Pb shot, n=5

–

40.0

13 4

–

–

–

34

Haliaeetus leucocephalus ¹³¹, day 7 post oral Pb shot, n=5

–

34.0^a

11.0^a

–

–

–

32

Haliaeetus leucocephalus ¹³¹, day 14 post oral Pb shot, n=3

–

32.0^a

10.7^a

–

–

–

33

Haliaeetus leucocephalus ³⁰⁵, nestlings, in the wild, n=52

–

32.0

11.8

–

–

–

37

Gyps fulvus ^{17, 123}, griffon vulture, 4–6 yr captive, n=6

2.90

45.3

14.0

14.0 × 7.5

163

51

31

Gyps fulvus ¹⁹³, mature, captive, n=12

2.63

45.5

15.1

14.1 × 7.7

170

55

32

Gyps fulvus ³⁰¹, captive, adult, n=14

–

43.0

–

–

–

–

–

Pseudogyps (Gyps) africanus ²⁹⁵, African white-backed

1.39

41.8

13.8

–

161

57

34

vulture, nestlings, wild, n=33

99

33

Above data applied to Winttrobe formulas

301

449 Pandion haliaetus carolinensis ⁹⁴, osprey, n=1

–

–

–

13.5 × 7.4

–

–

–

Aegypius monachus ²⁰⁴, black vulture, free-living nestlings, n=53

–

31.9^a

–

–

–

–

–

Aegypius monachus ²⁰⁴, Eurasian vulture, free-living adults, n=7

–

49.5^ab

–

–

–

–

–

Aegypius monachus ²⁰⁴, captive first year young, n=7

–

40.1

–

–

–

–

–

Aegypius monachus ²⁰⁴, cinereous vulture, captive adults, n=5

–

39.4^b

–

–

–

–

–

Hieraaetus pennatus ³⁰⁴, booted eagle, captive, adult, n=4

–

43.0

–

–

–

–

–

Hieraaetus fasciatus ³⁰⁴, Bonneli’s eagle, captive, adult, n=3

–

48.0

–

–

–

–

–

Family Falconidae (falcons)

Genus Falco (true falcons)

Falco peregrinus ², peregrine falcon, captive, n=48

3.49

40.0

14.8

–

118

42

37

Falco peregrinus ³⁷, nestling, 15–27 days-old, wild, free, n =28

2.17

37.6

21.0

–

179

100

57

Falco peregrinus ¹⁴², clinically normal, n =138

3.18

44.0

14.7

–

138

46

33

Falco peregrinus tundrius ⁷⁰, arctic peregrine falcon, n=9

3.10

42.0

14.5

–

135

46

34

Falco rusticolus ²⁴² ♀, gyr falcon, adult, captive bred, n =187

3.23

45.0

15.0

–

139

46

33

Falco rusticolus ²⁷⁶ ♀, wild-caught captive, adult, healthy, n=25

3.91

51.4

18.9

14.8 x 7.2

136

49

36

Falco rusticolus x Falco peregrinus hybrid²⁴² clin normal, n =267

3.35

46.0

15.3

–

137

46

33

Falco cherrug ¹ ♀, saker falcon, 9mo-2.5 yr, captive, n=25

2.65

47.0

15.9

–

183

61

33

Falco cherrug ²⁴², clinically normal, n=146

3.18

45.0

15.0

–

142

47

33

Falco tinnunculus ³⁹, European kestrel, 8mo - >3 yr, captive, n=18

–

45.9

17.3

–

–

–

38

Falco tinnunculus ³⁰⁴, captive, adult, n=4

–

48.0

–

–

–

–

–

Falco tinnuncuhis ³¹², captive, adult, in China, n=16

2.47

39.9

12.5

13.2 × 7.3

169

52

31

450 Order Falconiformes (Raptors)

Family Falconidae (falcons)

Falco sparverius ⁴⁰ ♂, American kestrel, sparrow hawk, wild, winter 1975–76, n=14

–

52.7^a

–

–

–

–

–

Falco sparverius ⁴⁰ ♂, wild, fall 1976, n=6

–

49.3^a

–

–

–

–

–

Falco sparverius ⁴⁰ ♀, wild, winter 1975–76, n=18

–

52.2^b

–

–

–

–

–

Falco sparverius ⁴⁰ ♀, wild, spring 1976, n=3

–

45.3^b

–

–

–

–

–

Falco sparverius ⁴⁰ ♂, winter 1975–76, n=14

–

52.7

–

–

–

–

–

Falco sparverius ⁴⁰ ♀, winter 1975–76, n=18

–

52.2

–

–

–

–

–

Falco sparverius ⁴⁰ ♂, wild, fall 1976, n=6

–

49.3

–

–

–

–

–

Falco sparverius ⁴⁰ ♀, wild, fall 1976, n=7

–

50.2

–

–

–

–

–

Falco sparverius ⁶⁰, 5–8 days old, captive, n=10

1.55

44.0

8.7

–

286

57

20

Falco sparverius ⁶⁰, 11–12 days old, captive, n=8

1.86

44.0

9.7

–

239

53

22

Falco sparverius ⁶⁰, 15–17 days old, captive, n=10

2.15

45.0

10.7

–

212

50

24

Falco sparverius ⁶⁰, 18–26 days old, captive, n=10

2.58

40.0

10.8

–

157

43

27

Falco sparverius ⁶⁰, 27–35 days old, captive, n=9

2.97

48.0

13.0

–

162

44

28

Falco sparverius ⁶⁰, 42 days old, captive, n=5

3.10

46.0

13.7

–

150

44

30

Falco sparverius ⁶⁰, 84 days old, captive, n=10

3.33

43.0

12.8

–

131

39

29

Falco sparverius ⁶⁰, adult, n=43

3.35

45.0

13.9

–

134

42

30

Falco sparverius ¹²⁹ ♂, adult, normal diet, pen-reared, n=12

–

43.0

13.1

–

–

–

30

Falco sparverius ¹²⁹ ♀, adult, normal diet, pen-reared, n=12

–

43.0

13.0

–

–

–

30

Falco sparverius ¹³², control, 10 days post-hatch, n=10

–

34.1^a

8.6^a

–

–

–

25

Falco sparverius ¹³², 25mg/kg Pb, 1st 10 days post-hatch, n=10

–

30.9^ab

7.6^b

–

–

–

25

451 Falco sparverius ¹³², 125mg/kg Pb, 1st 10 days post-hatch, n=10

–

29.3^b

6.3^c

–

–

–

22

Falco sparverius ¹³², 625mg/kg Pb, 1st 10 days post-hatch, n=10

–

23.4^c

4.5^d

–

–

–

19

Falco sparverius ^{25, 147}, captive, adult, n=10♂, 10 ♀

3.22

33.4

–

11.8 × 7.3

104

–

–

Falco sparverius ¹⁴⁷, captive, juvenile, n=10♂, 10♀

3.17

33.8

–

–

107

–

–

Falco sparverius ¹⁴⁷, captive, in colonial pen =10♂, 10♀

3.29^a

34.9^a

–

–

106

–

–

Falco sparverius ¹⁴⁷, captive, paired, breeding pen, n=10♂, 10 ♀

3.10^a

32.3^a

–

–

104

–

–

Falco sparverius ²⁶⁸ ♂, wild, breeding period, pre-laying, n=82

–

47.9

–

–

–

–

–

Falco sparverius ²⁶⁸ ♀, wild, breeding period, pre-laying, n=111

–

48.8

–

–

–

–

–

Falco sparverius ²⁶⁸ ♂, wild, breeding period, incubation, n=146

–

48.5

–

–

–

–

–

Falco sparverius ²⁶⁸ ♀, wild, breeding period, incubation, n=193

–

49.0

–

–

–

–

–

Falco sparverius ²⁶⁹ ♂, wild, nestlings, 24 days old, n=85

–

40.0.

–

–

–

–

–

Falco sparverius ²⁶⁹ ♀, wild, nestlings, 24 days old, n=84

–

40.2

–

–

–

–

–

Falco sparverius ³³⁴ ♂, caged, indoors, winter maximum, n=20

–

50.9^a

–

–

–

–

–

Falco sparverius ³³⁴ ♂, caged, summer minimum, n=20

–

30.1^a

–

–

–

–

–

Falco sparverius ³³⁴ ♀, caged, indoors, winter maximum, n=20

–

47.9^a

–

–

–

–

–

Falco sparverius ³³⁴ ♀, caged, summer minimum, n=20

–

29.1^a

–

–

–

–

–

Falco rupicoloides ⁶², African or greater kestrel, n=2♂, 4♀

2.81

44.3

14.1

13.1 × 7.4

158

50

32

Falco biarmicus ⁶², lanner falcon, n=5♂, 4♀

3.48

46.0

16.5

12.8 × 7.8

133

48

36

Falco punctatus ⁹⁵ ♀, Mauritius falcon, adult, n=2

2.55

40.0

11.5

–

157

45

29

Falco punctatus ⁹⁵, juvenile, n=2

2.26

41.5

11.5

–

184

51

28

Falcons diseased with clostridiosis²⁴², n=15

2.19

32.0

10.7

–

146

49

33

Falcons infected with herpes virus²⁴², n=7

2.46

37.0

12.3

–

150

50

33

Falcons infected with viral diseases²⁴², n=35

2.84

40.0

13.3

–

141

47

33

Polyborus plancus ¹⁴⁵, caracara, crested caracara, captive, n=9

2.80

46.0

16.2

–

165

58

35

Polyborus plancus ¹⁸⁴, captive, n=2

3.10

48.0

–

–

155

–

–

452 Order Falconiformes (Raptors)

Family Sagittariidae (secretary birds)

Sagittarius serpentarius¹⁴⁵, secretary bird, captive, n=4

2.18

46.0

16.7

–

208

77

37

Order Galliformes (Gallinaceous Birds, Game Birds)

Family Cracidae (curassows)

Crax globulosa ⁵¹, wattled curassow, captive, n=34–41

3.23

42.1

15.2

–

132

47

36

Crax globulosa ⁵², n=34–39

3.17

43.4

15.2

–

136

47

36

Crax globulosa ¹⁹⁹, n=∼33

3.25

43.5

15.5

–

132

47

37

Penelope (obscura?) waglierii ^23,123, dusky-legged guan, adult, n=4

2.68

39.7

13.1

11.1 × 6.8

148

49

33

Family Phasianidae

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰, Japanese quail, 2 wk, n=30

2.86^a

41.1^a

11.6^a

–

144^a

41a

28^a

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰ ♂, adult, 10 wk, n=25

4.14*^a

53.1*^a

15.8*^a

–

127^a

39^a

30^a

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰ ♀, adult, non-laying hens, 10 wk, n=30

3.86*^a

48.7*^a

14.6*^a

–

127^a

38^a

30^a

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰ ♀, adult, laying hens, 18–20 wk, n=19

3.81*

46.9*

14.3*

–

124

38

30

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁸⁴ ♂, adult, coulter, n=10

3.74

–

–

–

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁸⁴ ♂, adult, visual ct, n=10

3.60

–

–

–

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁸⁴ ♀, adult, coulter, n=10

2.84

–

–

–

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁸⁴ ♀, adult, visual ct, n=10

2.87

–

–

–

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♂, 1 day, n=9

3.00*

30.0

10.7*

–

100

35*

36*

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♀, 1 day, n=7

2.50*

30.0

7.6*

–

120

30*

25*

453 Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♂, 2 days, n=10

2.90

26.0

9.4

–

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♀, 2 days, n=8

2.50

22.0

8.3

–

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♂, 4 days, n=11

3.10

26.0

8.4

–

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♀, 4 days, n=8

3.00

24.0

8.7

–

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♂, 8 days, n=6

3.10

34.0

11.6

–

109

35

35

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♀, 8 days, n=11

2.80

35.0

11.0

–

100

35

31

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♂, 10 days, n=9

3.20

28.0

11.0

–

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♀, 10 days, n=11

3.10

24.0

11.7

–

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♂, 15 days, n=5

3.40

38.0

10.4

–

111

31

27

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♀, 15 days, n=5

3.60

38.0

10.8

–

113

30

28

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♂, 19 days, n=6

3.60

33.0

9.6

–

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♀, 19 days, n=5

3.60

33.0

9.9

–

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♂, 22 days, n=4

3.60

36.0

9.2

–

100

26

26

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♀, 22 days, n=6

3.60

36.0

10.7

–

100

31

29

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♂, 26 days, n=6

3.80

34.0

10.4

–

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♀, 26 days, n=5

4.20

39.0

11.5

–

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♂, 29 days, n=5

5.20

41.0

12.0

–

107

23

29

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♀, 29 days, n=6

4.30

37.0

11.0

–

86

26

30

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♂, 33 days, n=5

4.60

43.0

13.3

–

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♀, 33 days, n=6

3.70

40.0

12.3

–

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♂, 36 days, n=6

4.80*

46.0

14.3

–

95

30

22

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♀, 36 days, n=6

4.40*

43.0

12.9

–

97

25

30

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♂, 43 days, n=6

5.10*

45.0*

14.5*

–

84

29

32

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♀, 43 days, n=6

4.30*

40.0*

12.9*

–

90

30

30

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♂, 50 days, n=4

5.40*

42.0

15.3*

–

77

28

36

454 Order Galliformes (Gallinaceous Birds, Game Birds)

Family Phasianidae

Coturnix coturnix japonica ⁶⁵ ♀, 50 days, n=7

4.10*

37.0

12.3*

–

82

27

33

Coturnix coturnix japonica ¹⁸⁸ ♂, 4–5 mo, n=104–122

3.62*

49.0

13.6*

–

138

39

28

Coturnix coturnix japonica ¹⁸⁸ ♀, 4–5 mo, n=95–106

3.27*

43.0

11.8*

–

136

37

28

Coturnix coturnix japonica ¹¹², <1week, n=15

–

–

–

12.4^x X 6.9

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ¹¹², 3 weeks, n=15

–

–

–

10.9^a X 6.7

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ¹¹², 5 weeks, n=15

–

–

–

10.9^a X 6.8

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ¹¹², <1week, reticulocyte, n=15

–

–

–

8.7^x X 7.5

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ¹¹², 3 weeks, reticulocyte, n=15

–

–

–

9.7^a X 7.2

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ¹¹², 5 weeks, reticulocyte, n=15

–

–

–

9.6^a X 7.7

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ¹¹² , ♂ >5 weeks, adult, n=15

–

–

–

11.1 × 6.8

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ¹¹², ♀ >5 weeks, adult, n=15

–

–

–

11.4 × 6.7

–

–

–

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♂, 1 day old, n=8

3.03*

31.0

11.9*

–

103*

40

39*

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♀, 1 day old, n=7

2.26*

30.0

8.1*

–

135*

37

27*

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♂, 3 days old, n=8

2.61*

27.4

9.2*

–

106

35

34

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♀, 3 days old, n=7

2.24*

24.3

7.8*

–

109

35

34

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♂, 6 days old, n=8

2.94*

32.8

9.3

–

113

32

29

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♀, 6 days old, n=8

2.51*

31.9

8.9

–

128

36

28

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♂, 10 days old, n=7

3.19

33.3

12.4

–

106

39

37

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♀, 10 days old, n=8

3.05

30.8

11.7

–

101

39

38

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♂, 15 days old, n=6

3.37

33.2*

9.7

–

99

29

29

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♀, 15 days old, n=8

3.60

37.3*

9.8

–

104

28

26

455 Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♂, 20 days old, n=7

3.69

38.3

11.1*

–

105

30*

30

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♀, 20 days old, n=8

3.75

38.0

10.1*

–

102

27*

27

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♂, 25 days old, n=7

3.90

42.0*

14.2

–

108*

37

34

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♀, 25 days old, n=8

4.04

39.0*

14.1

–

97*

35

36

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♂, 30 days old, n=8

4.93*

42.3

12.4

–

86

25*

30

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♀, 30 days old, n=6

4.15*

41.3

12.3

–

100

30*

30

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♂, 35 days old, n=6

5.08*

45.3

14.2

–

88*

28

32

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♀, 35 days old, n=7

4.36*

43.4

13.7

–

100*

32

32

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♂, 45 days old, n=6

5.20*

42.8

16.3

–

82*

31

38

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♀, 45 days old, n=7

4.39*

40.1

14.9

–

92*

34

37

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♂, 50 days old, n=8

5.28*

41.8*

15.7*

–

79

30

30

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♀, 50 days old, n=6

4.42*

38.2*

13.8*

–

88

32

35

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♂, 55 days old, n=7

5.63*

40.3

15.2

–

72*

27

38

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁰¹ ♀, 55 days old, n=6

4.37*

37.3

13.1

–

86*

30

36

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁷⁹, ∼4 months old, n=19

3.40

43.5

13.3

11.9 × 6.7

128

39

30

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁵¹ ♂, 3 weeks old, control, n=15

3.25^a

44.4^a

12.9^a

–

137

40

29

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁵¹ ♂, 3 wk, testostosterone, n=15

3.92^a

50.4^a

14.7^a

–

129

38

29

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁵¹ ♂, 3 wk, stilbestrol, n=15

1.61^a

24.0^a

6.8^a

–

151

43

28

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁵¹ ♀, 3 weeks old, control, n=15

3.19^b

44.3^b

13.1^b

–

140

41

30

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁵¹ ♀, 3 wk, testostosterone, n=15

3.46

46.9

13.9

–

137

41

30

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁵¹ ♀, 3 wk, stilbestrol, n=15

1.44^b

21.0^b

6.0^b

–

148

42

29

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁵⁸, 5 wk old, corn-soya diet

3.33^a

42.0^a

10.9^a

–

116^a

33

29^a

Coturnix c. japonica ²⁵⁸, 5 wk old, skim milk diet, low Fe, Cu

2.87^a

22.0^a

6.9^a

–

97^a

24

25^a

Coturnix coturnix ⁶², African quail, n=5♂, 5♀

3.84

25.4

14.3

12.5 × 6.3

66

37

56

456 Order Galliformes (Gallinaceous Birds, Game Birds)

Family Phasianidae

Coturnix coturnix pharaoh²⁸² ♂, 4 months old, baseline, n=11

4.21

48.7

15.3

–

116

36

31

Coturnix coturnix pharaoh²⁸² ♂, 3 hr post-fenitrothion, n=11

3.98^a

46.8

15.0

–

118^a

38

32

Coturnix coturnix pharaoh²⁸² ♂, 1 wk post-fenitrothion, n=11

3.75^a

45.8^a

13.9^a

–

122^a

37

30^a

Coturnix coturnix pharaoh²⁸² ♂, 3 wk post-fenitrothion, n=11

3.99

46.8

15.1

–

117

38

32

Coturnix coturnix pharaoh²⁸² ♀, 4 months old, baseline, n=11

3.58

41.7

13.1

–

116

36

31

Coturnix coturnix pharaoh²⁸² ♀, 3 hr post-fenitrothion, n=11

3.77

44.9

13.6

–

119^a

36

30

Coturnix coturnix pharaoh²⁸² ♀, 1 wk post-fenitrothion, n=11

3.42

41.8

13.2

–

122^a

39^a

32

Coturnix coturnix pharaoh²⁸² ♀, 3 wk post-fenitrothion, n=11

3.47

40.9

12.2^a

–

118^a

35

30^a

Coturnix coturnix pharaoh²⁸³ ♂, 4 months old, control, n=8

4.79

50.

16.4

–

106

34

32

Coturnix coturnix pharaoh²⁸³ ♂, 3 hr post-ekatin, n=10

3.68^a

41.6^a

12.3^a

–

123

37

30

Coturnix coturnix pharaoh²⁸³ ♂, 1 wk post-ekation, n=10

3.79^a

42.3^a

13.7^a

–

117

38

33

Coturnix coturnix pharaoh²⁸³ ♂, 3 wk post-kathin, n=10

4.74

52.8

15.2

–

106

35

29^a

Coturnix coturnix pharaoh²⁸³ ♀, 4 months old, control, n=8

4.10

43.0

12.7

–

104

31

30

Coturnix coturnix pharaoh²⁸³ ♀, 3 hr post-ekatin, n=10

4.03

47.9^a

12.6

–

122^a

32

26^a

Coturnix coturnix pharaoh²⁸³ ♀, 1 wk post-ekatin, n=10

4.08

48.1^a

12.3

–

121

31

26^a

Coturnix coturnix pharaoh²⁸³ ♀, 3 wk post-ekatin, n=10

3.54^a

44.5

12.2

–

129^a

35^a

28

Coturnix coturnix japonica ²⁹⁰, 6 mo old, contol, n=20

3.60^a

44.0

12.3

–

126^a

35

28

Coturnix c. japonica ²⁹⁰, 6 mo old, foschlor, n=19

3.09^a

41.9

11.8

–

141^a

39

26

Coturnix coturnix japonica ³³⁷ ♀, 45 days old, adequate diet, n=6

–

42.0

11.5

–

–

–

28

Coturnix coturnix japonica ³³⁷ ♀, 48 d, start laying, ad’te diet, n=6

–

40.1

9.4^a

–

–

–

23^a

Coturnix coturnix japonica ³³⁷ ♀, 62 d, laying, ad’te diet, n=6

–

36.3^a

11.5

–

–

–

32

457 Coturnix coturnix japonica ³³⁷ ♀, 150 d, laying, ad’te diet, n=6

–

40.2

11.8

–

–

29

Coturnix coturnix jap.³³⁷ ♀, 150 d, Fe-def diet prev.30 d, n=6

–

29.6^b

9.1^b

–

–

33

Coturnix coturnix jap.³³⁷ ♀, 150 d, Fe-suppl diet prev.30 d, n=6

–

40.2^b

11.8^b

–

–

29

Coturnix c. japonica ³⁵⁰, age 50 days, 2% ethanol x 1 wk, n=6

2.38^a

34.0^a

11.7^a

143

49

34

Coturnix c. japonica ³⁵⁰, age 50 days, 4% ethanol x 1 wk, n=6

3.63^a

34.3^a

12.2^a

94

34

36

Coturnix c. japonica ³⁵⁰, age 50 days, 8% ethanol x 1 wk, n=6

3.86^a

38.5^a

12.5^a

100

35

32

Coturnix c. japonica ³⁵⁰, age 50 days, 16% ethanol x 1 wk, n=6

4.00^a

39.8^a

13.1^a

100

32

33

Coturnix c. japonica ³⁵⁰, age 50 days, control x 1 wk, n=6

1.30

27.5

9.5

212

73

35

Coturnix c. japonica ³⁵⁰, age 57 days, 2% ethanol x 2 wk, n=6

2.71^a

36.5^a

12.6^a

135

46

35

Coturnix c. japonica ³⁵⁰, age 57 days, 4% ethanol x 2 wk, n=6

3.67^a

36.3^a

13.2^a

99

36

36

Coturnix c. japonica ³⁵⁰, age 57 days, 8% ethanol x 2 wk, n=6

3.94^a

39.0^a

13.5^a

99

34

35

Coturnix c. japonica ³⁵⁰, age 57 days, 16% ethanol x 2 wk, n=6

–

40.3^a

13.3^a

–

–

33

Coturnix c. japonica ³⁵⁰, age 57 days, control x 2wk, n=6

1.38

28.0

9.1

203

66

33

Coturnix c. japonica ³⁵⁰, age 64 days, 2% ethanol x 3 wk, n=6

3.08^a

36.8^a

13.3^a

119

43

36

Coturnix c. japonica ³⁵⁰, age 64 days, 4% ethanol x 3 wk, n=6

3.83^a

40.0^a

13.7^a

104

36

34

Coturnix c. japonica ³⁵⁰, age 64 days, 8% ethanol x 3 wk, n=5

4.11^a

41.3^a

14.0^a

100

34

34

Coturnix c. japonica ³⁵⁰, age 64 days, 16% ethanol x 3 wk, n=5

4.20^a

44.8^a

14.0^a

107

33

31

Coturnix c. japonica ³⁵⁰, age 64 days, control x 3wk, n=6

1.46

28.3

8.8

194

60

31

Coturnix c. japonica ³⁵⁰, age 71 days, 2% ethanol x 4 wk, n=6

2.88^a

40.0^a

13.6^a

139

47

34

Coturnix c. japonica ³⁵⁰, age 71 days, 4% ethanol x 4 wk, n=6

3.99^a

42.0^a

13.7^a

105

34

33

Coturnix c. japonica ³⁵⁰, age 71 days, 8% ethanol x 4 wk, n=6

4.17^a

45.0^a

14.0^a

108

34

31

Coturnix c. japonica ³⁵⁰, age 71 days, 16% ethanol x 4 wk, n=6

4.26^a

46.8^a

15.3^a

110

36

33

Coturnix c. japonica ³⁵⁰, age 71 days, control x 4wk, n=6

1.47

30.2

8.9

205

61

29

458 Order Galliformes (Gallinaceous Birds, Game Birds)

Family Phasianidae

Genus Meleagris (gallopavo, common turkey)

Meleagris gallopavo silvestris ⁶⁹, southeastern wild turkey, 4 mo, wild, reared in captivity, n=48

–

36.7

–

–

–

–

–

Meleagris gallopavo ¹²³, domestic turkey, adult, n=14

–

–

–

11.0 × 5.8

–

–

–

Meleagris gallopavo ²²⁹, 3 varieties, 0–3 wk old, n=10

2.05

35.8

6.0

–

175

29

17

Meleagris gallopavo ²²⁹ ♂, 3 varieties, 3–6 wk old, n=10

2.81

47.5

6.6

–

169

23

14

Meleagris gallopavo ²²⁹ ♀, 3 varieties, 3–6 wk old, n=10

2.40

44.7

6.4

–

186

27

14

Meleagris gallopavo ²²⁹ ♂, 3 varieties, 6–12 wk old, n=10

3.52

51.1

7.6

–

145

22

15

Meleagris gallopavo ²²⁹ ♀, 3 varieties, 6–12 wk old, n=10

2.89

48.2

6.8

–

167

24

14

Meleagris gallopavo ²²⁹ ♂, 3 varieties, 12–18 wk old, n=10

3.91

53.4

8.0

–

137

20

15

Meleagris gallopavo ²²⁹ ♀, 3 varieties, 12–18 wk old, n=10

3.51

49.8

7.7

–

142

22

15

Meleagris gallopavo ²²⁹ ♂, 3 varieties, 18–26 wk old, n=10

4.26

56.2

10.4

–

132

24

19

Meleagris gallopavo ²²⁹ ♀, 3 varieties, 18–26 wk old, n=10

3.76

52.6

9.5

–

140

25

18

Meleagris gallopavo ²²⁹ ♂, 3 varieties, 26–34 wk old, n=10

3.72

53.6

11.3

–

144

30

21

Meleagris gallopavo ²²⁹ ♀, 3 varieties, 26–34 wk old, n=10

3.26

50.5

9.6

–

155

29

19

Meleagris gallopavo ²²⁹ ♂, 3 varieties, 34–44 wk old, n=10

3.20

49.1

9.7

–

153

30

20

Meleagris gallopavo ²²⁹ ♀, 3 varieties, 34–44 wk old, n=10

2.95

46.5

8.6

–

158

29

18

Meleagris gallopavo ²²⁹ ♂, 3 varieties, 44–50 wk old, n=10

2.94

45.5

9.4

–

155

32

21

Meleagris gallopavo ²²⁹ ♀, 3 varieties, 44–50 wk old, n=10

2.14

41.6

8.6

–

194

40

21

Meleagris gallopavo ²²⁹ ♂, 3 varieties, >50 wk old, n=10

2.64

41.9

7.0

–

159

27

17

459 Meleagris gallopavo ²²⁹ ♀, 3 varieties, >50 wk old, n=10

2.21

37.7

6.2

171

28

16

Meleagris gallopavo ²³⁰ ♂, 2 years old, winter, n=8

4.90*

35.3*

11.2*

72

23

32

Meleagris gallopavo ²³⁰ ♀, 2 years old, winter, n=8

3.27*

24.0*

7.3*

73

22

30

Meleagris gallopavo ²³⁰ ♂, 2 years old, summer, n=8

6.58

44.7*

12.7

68

19

28

Meleagris gallopavo ²³⁰ ♀, 2 years old, summer, n=8

5.63

36.7*

10.7

65

19

29

Small white beltsville turkey²⁴¹, 4 wk old, n= 10♂ & 10♀

2.97

32.3

11.0

107

36

34

Small white beltsville turkey²⁴¹, 8 wk old, n= 10♂ & 10♀

3.21

34.2

12.1

107

37

35

Small white beltsville turkey²⁴¹, 12 wk old, n= 10♂ & 10♀

3.51

35.5

12.5

99

36

35

Small white beltsville turkey²⁴¹, 16 wk old, n= 10♂ & 10♀

3.49

38.0

12.8

109

33

35

Small white beltsville turkey²⁴¹, 20 wk old, n= 10♂ & 10♀

4.07

40.1

13.2

99

33

33

Small white beltsville turkey²⁴¹, 24 wk old, n= 10♂ & 10♀

4.66

41.4

13.7

96

31

33

Beltsville white turkey⁶⁶, midget/small white turkey breed

Beltsville white turkey⁶⁶, 0.5 wk old, laboratory conditions, n=3

3.13

–

–

–

–

–

Beltsville white turkey⁶⁶, 4 wk old, laboratory conditions, n=3

2.54

–

–

–

–

–

Beltsville white turkey⁶⁶, 8 wk old, field conditions, n=23

2.67

–

–

–

–

–

Beltsville white turkey⁶⁶ ♂, adult, field conditions, n=9

2.65

–

–

–

–

–

Beltsville white turkey⁶⁶ ♀, adult, laying, field conditions, n=12

2.48

–

–

–

–

–

Broad-breasted bronze turkey⁸⁸ ♀, (Meleagris gallopavo), 16 mo, n=27–57

–

33.0

10.5

–

–

32

Turkey²¹¹, domestic, normal, 3 months old, n=18

2.60

–

–

–

–

–

Turkey²¹¹, Salmonella pullorum-injected, 3 months old, n=9

<2.00

–

–

–

–

–

Hybrid XK turkey¹²⁵ ♂ & ♀ age 1 day, n=10

1.82

34.0

8.4

185

47

25

Hybrid XK turkey¹²⁵ ♀, age 35 days, n=10

2.54

34.0

9.8

137

40

29

Hybrid XK turkey¹²⁵ ♂, age 94 days, n=10

2.29

35.0

10.0

155

44

29

Hybrid XK turkey¹²⁵ ♀, age 94 days, n=10

2.31

35.0

9.9

151

43

28

460 Order Galliformes (Gallinaceous Birds, Game Birds)

Family Phasianidae

Hybrid XK turkey¹²⁵ ♂, age 108 days, n=10

2.53

36.0

10.6

–

144

42

29

White Holland turkey¹⁸¹ ♀, Meleagris gallopavo sp., breeder hens, age lyr, n=30

–

35.9

–

–

–

–

–

White England turkey²⁰⁵ ♂, 9 months old, in Nigeria, n=15

2.57*

39.5

13.0

–

157

52

33

White England turkey²⁰⁵ ♀, 9 months old, in Nigeria, n=25

2.16*

38.5

11.7

–

177

54

30

White England turkey²³², ♂ & ♀, 6-8 wk old, in Nigeria, n=14

2.31

34.5^a

10.4^a

–

148

45

30

White England turkey²³², ♂ & ♀, 20–22 wk old, in Nigeria, n=28

2.48

37.6^a

11.5^a

–

156

47

31

White England turkey²³² ♂, 20–22 weeks old, in Nigeria, n=14

2.59

38.7*

12.3*

–

150

48

32

White England turkey²³² ♀, 20–22 weeks old, in Nigeria, n=25

2.38

36.4*

10.7*

–

161

47

30

Turkey poults²⁴³, age 11-38 days, n=96

2.81

35.6

9.6

–

129

34

27

Turkey poults³¹³ ♂, Nicholas white large, age 1 day, n=20

2.22

33.7

10.9

–

153

49

32

Turkey poults³¹³ ♂, Nicholas white large, age 2 days, n=20

2.26

31.9

9.9

–

142

44

31

Turkey poults³¹³ ♂, Nicholas white large, age 3 days, n=20

2.04

31.9

9.6

–

156

46

29

Turkey poults³¹³ ♂, Nicholas white large, age 4 days, n=20

2.12

33.2

9.9

–

158

47

30

Turkey poults³¹³ ♂, Nicholas white large, age 5 days, n=20

2.15

34.8

9.7

–

164

46

28

Turkey poults³¹³ ♂, Nicholas white large, age 6 days, n=20

2.17

33.9

9.8

–

157

45

29

Turkey poults³¹³ ♂, Nicholas white large, age 7 days, n=20

2.23

32.8

9.6

–

144

43

29

Turkey poults³¹³ ♂, Nicholas white large, age 8 days, n=20

2.33

34.8

9.8

–

151

42

28

Turkey poults³¹³ ♂, Nicholas white large, age 9 days, n=20

2.45

34.1

9.9

–

143

41

30

Turkey poults³¹³ ♂, Nicholas white large, age 10 days, n=20

2.20

34.7

9.6

–

158

44

28

461Turkey poults³¹³ ♀, Nicholas white large, age 1 day, n=20

2.05

33.9

10.4

–

167

51

31

Turkey poults³¹³ ♀, Nicholas white large, age 2 days, n=20

2.09

33.3

10.3

–

160

49

31

Turkey poults³¹³ ♀, Nicholas white large, age 3 days, n=20

2.05

32.1

9.7

–

158

47

30

Turkey poults³¹³ ♀, Nicholas white large, age 4 days, n=20

2.14

32.4

9.8

–

152

46

30

Turkey poults³¹³ ♀, Nicholas white large, age 5 days, n=20

2.17

31.5

9.6

–

146

44

30

Turkey poults³¹³ ♀, Nicholas white large, age 6 days, n=20

2.21

31.3

9.8

–

142

44

31

Turkey poults³¹³ ♀, Nicholas white large, age 7 days, n=20

2.25

32.9

9.9

–

147

44

30

Turkey poults³¹³ ♀, Nicholas white large, age 8 days, n=20

2.29

32.8

9.6

–

144

42

29

Turkey poults³¹³ ♀, Nicholas white large, age 9 days, n=20

2.42

34.9

10.2

–

145

42

29

Turkey poults³¹³ ♀, Nicholas white large, age 10 days, n=20

2.43

34.9

9.6

–

145

40

28

Turkey poults¹⁷³ ♀, Nicholas white large, n=24

1.88

30.8*

9.1*

–

164*

43*

30*

Turkey poults¹⁷³ ♀, Nicholas white large, aflatoxin diet, n=24

1.70

25.5*

6.8*

–

150*

35*

25*

Large white turkey embryo³³⁰, incubation day 24, n=20

1.95^d

33.7 ^b

9.4^c

–

173^a

48^a

28^b

Large white turkey embryo³³⁰, incubation day 25, n=20

2.14^c

37.4^a

9.9^c

–

175^a

46^b

27^c

Large white turkey embryo³³⁰, incubation day 26, n=20

2.28^b

36.0^a

10.2^b

–

158^b

45^c

29b

Large white turkey embryo³³⁰, incubation day 27, n=20

2.35^a

36.2^a

10.7^b

–

154^b

₄₆bc

29^b

Large white turkey embryo³³⁰, incubation day 28, n=20

2.27^b

33.6^b

11.1^a

–

148^c

49^a

34^a

Pavo cristatus ^23,123, Indian or common peafowl, peacock, adult, age 2–3 yr, captive, n=10

2.07

36.9

12.0

12.6 × 7.0

178

58

33

Pavo cristatus ²³⁶ ♂, adult, in Nigeria, n=5

2.09

34.4

11.7

–

166

57

34

Pavo cristatus ²³⁶ ♀, adult, in Nigeria, n=4

2.07

34.0

11.7

–

168

58

34

Genus Gallus (jungle fowl)

Gallus domesticus ⁶² (Gallus g.domesticus) chicken, n=10♂, 10♀

2.99

43.3

13.5

12.5 × 7.5

127

40

33

Gallus gallus bankiva ²³, bankiva, cochin-chinese red junglefowl, adult, age 2–3yr, captive, n=10

2.63

36.2

12.2

10.7 × 7.1

137

46

34

462 Order Galliformes (Gallinaceous Birds, Game Birds)

Family Phasianidae

Gallus gallus bankiva ¹²³, red junglefowl, adult, n=10

–

–

–

10.7 × 7.1

–

–

–

Gallus gallus domesticus ⁹¹ ♀, New Hampshire strain, n=32

2.81

33.6

8.8

–

120

31

26

Gallus domesticus ²¹⁶ ♂, domestic chickens in Nigeria, n=10

2.17

36.5*

12.9*

–

169*

60*

36*

Gallus domesticus ²¹⁶ ♀, domestic chickens in Nigeria, n=10

2.13

30.6*

9.7*

–

145*

46*

32*

Gallus domesticus ²³⁷ ♂, adult, domestic, in Nigeria, n=13

2.55

35.8*

11.3*

–

143

44

32

Gallus domesticus ²³⁷ ♀, adult, domestic, in Nigeria, n=13

2.42

33.4*

9.8*

–

137

41

29

Gallus domesticus ²³⁹ ♀, adult, domestic, in Nigeria, n=7

2.15

30.2

6.3

–

141

29

21

Gallus domesticus ²⁴⁵ ♀, domestic, in Nigeria, n=9

2.69

35.0^a

11.7^a

–

136

46

34

Hubbard fowl²⁴⁵ ♀, domestic, in Nigeria, n=9

2.42

31.8^a

10.6^a

–

132

44

33

Domestic chicken²⁹⁸, in Zimbabwe, n=20

2.49

35.9

16.4

–

134

66

46

Anak 2000 broiler²⁴⁶, adult, in Nigeria, n=12

2.43

28.3

10.2

–

117

42

36

Achromatic-anemic fowl line²⁵⁷, 8–12 weeks old, n=29

1.99^a

26.1^a

7.4^a

10.9^a X 6.0

133^a

37

28

Normal control fowl²⁵⁷, 8–12 weeks old, n=32

2.59^a

31.0^a

8.6^a

10.0^a X 6.0

120^a

33

28

Athens-Canadian chicks³²⁷, 7–42 days of life @8°C, n=25

2.95

28.7

–

–

97^a.

–

–

Athens-Canadian chicks³²⁷, 7–42 days of life @30°C, n=25

2.78

25.6

–

–

92^a

–

–

Gallus domesticus ¹⁷⁶ ♀, white leghorn, 36 wk old, baseline, prior to initiating low Fe diet, =14

–

29.2

9.5

–

–

–

33

Gallus domesticus ¹⁷⁶ ♀, white leghorn, 36 wk, baseline, prior to initiatinng adequate Fe-supplemented diet, n=15

–

29.6

9.7

–

–

–

33

Gallus domesticus ¹⁷⁶ ♀, as above, and low Fe x 2wk, n=14

–

29.6

9.3^a

–

–

–

31

Gallus domesticus ¹⁷⁶ ♀, as above, and high Fe x 2wk, n=15

–

31.8

10.1^a

–

–

–

31

463 Gallus domesticus ¹⁷⁶ ♀, as above and low Fe x 4wk, n=14

–

28.2^a

7.8^a

–

–

–

28

Gallus domesticus ¹⁷⁶ ♀, as above, and high Fe x 4wk, n=15

–

32.5^a

10.3^a

–

–

–

31

Gallus domesticus ¹⁷⁶ ♀, as above and low Fe x 7wk, n=14

–

27.1^a

6.2^a

–

–

–

27

Gallus domesticus ¹⁷⁶ ♀, as above, and high Fe x 7wk, n=15

–

31.4^a

9.2^a

–

–

–

29

Gallus domesticus ¹⁷⁶ ♀, as above and low Fe x 10wk, n=14

–

25.5^a

6.9^a

–

–

–

27

Gallus domesticus ¹⁷⁶ ♀, as above, and high Fe x 10wk, n=15

–

32.5^a

10.5^a

–

–

–

29

Domestic chicken³²⁶ ♀, age 6 mo, preinfection, n=30

2.70

35.9

12.7

–

133

47

35

Domestic chicken³²⁶ ♀, S. gallinarum-infected, at death, n=30

0.94

17.8

6.7

–

189

71

38

White leghorn³⁴¹ ♀, non-laying adult, age 20 mo, n=100

2.78^a

–

–

–

–

–

–

White leghorn³⁴¹ ♀, age 1–2 days old, n=47

2.48^a

–

–

–

–

–

–

White leghorn^{92, 123} ♂, non-dwarf strain, adult, 16 mo, n=±10

3.31*

45.6*

13.9

10.3 X 6.3*

138

42

31

White leghorn^{92, 123} ♀, non-dwarf adult, age 16 mo, n=±10

2.87*

23.4*

9.2

10.3 X 6.3*

82

32

39

White leghorn⁹² ♂, dwarf strain, young, age 8 mo, n=±10

3.14

44.9

12.2

–

143

39

27

White leghorn⁹² ♀, dwarf strain, young, age 6 mo, n=±10

2.59

28.3

9.4

–

109

36

33

White leghorn⁹² ♀, dwarf strain, adult, age 16 mo, n=±10

2.93

27.7

8.5

–

95

29

31

White rock³⁴², age 1 wk

2.70

22.5

7.1

–

83

26

32

White rock³⁴², age 2 wk

2.64

23.6

7.5

–

89

28

32

White rock³⁴², age 3 wk

2.22

24.5

8.8

–

110

40

36

White rock³⁴², age 4 wk

2.22

23.8

7.4

–

107

33

31

White rock³⁴², age 5 wk

2.35

25.8

7.8

–

110

33

30

White rock³⁴², age 6 wk

2.01

23.1

7.0

–

115

35

30

White rock³⁴², age 7 wk

2.28

23.8

7.7

–

104

34

32

White rock³⁴², age 8 wk

1.98

25.5

7.2

–

129

36

28

White rock³⁴², age 9 wk

2.19

24.6

7.4

–

112

34

30

White rock³⁴², age 10wk

2.19

24.3

8.1

–

111

37

33

464 Order Galliformes (Gallinaceous Birds, Game Birds)

Family Phasianidae

White rock⁹² ♂, non-dwarf strain, adult, age 16 mo, n=±10

3.22*

47.9*

14.1*

–

149

44

29

White rock⁹² ♀, non-dwarf strain, adult, age 16 mo, n=±10

2.77*

30.7*

10.2*

–

111

37

33

White rock⁹² ♀, dwarf strain, adult, age 16 mo, n=±10

2.66

31.3

9.7

–

118

36

31

White rock²⁵³ ♂, age lyr, control, n=6

2.89

40.0

9.0

–

138

31

23

White rock²⁵³ ♂, age lyr, inj. with normal plasma, n=6

3.30^a

42.0^a

9.5^a

–

127

29

23

White rock²⁵³ ♂, age lyr, inj. with anemic plasma, n=6

4.63^a

48.0^a

13.5^a

–

104

29

28

White leghorn¹²⁶, 12–15 wk old layers, n=21

3.01

30.3

7.8

–

102

26

26

White leghorn Reseath²⁴⁰ ♀, strain W, adult, n=11–39

3.06

33.6

10.3

–

110

34

31

White leghorn Reseath²⁴⁰ ♀, strain C, adult, n=12–39

2.30

23.8

7.2

–

104

31

30

White leghorn¹⁷², RPL stock lines 6 and 15, n=6

–

–

–

10.6 × 6.7

–

–

–

White leghorn¹⁷² ♀, RPL stock, age 6 wk, n=≥33

3.02

30.9

10.1

–

102

33

33

White leghorn¹⁷² ♀, RPL stock, age 12 wk, n=≥33

3.02

30.4

9.8

–

101

32

32

White leghorn¹⁷² ♀, RPL stock, adult, n=≥33

3.00

30.8

9.7

–

103

32

31

White leghorn¹⁷² ♂, RPL stock, adult, n=≥33

3.78

40.0

13.5

–

106

36

34

White leghorn¹⁷² ♀, adult, farm stock, n=≥33

2.96

31.9

10.7

–

108

36

34

Rhode Island Red¹⁷² ♀, adult, farm stock, n=≥33

2.88

30.8

11.0

–

107

38

36

White leghorn¹⁸⁷ ♂, adult, 16–20 mo old, n=10

3.91*

48.6*

–

–

117*

–

–

White leghorn¹⁸⁷ ♀, adult, 16–20 mo old, n=10

2.95*

31.3*

–

–

102*

–

–

White leghorn capon¹⁸⁷, adult, 16–20 mo old, n=10

3.50^a

38.2^a

–

–

103^b

–

–

White leghorn²⁷⁰, adult, normal control, n=12

–

34.3

10.4

–

–

–

31

White leghorn²⁷⁰, adult, oral Cu citrate 14–35 days, n=8

–

23.1

6.2

–

–

–

27

465White leghorn²⁷² ♂, age 1.5 yr, 12,500 ft, n=6

4.79^a

53.7^a

16.6^a

–

112

35

31^a

White leghorn²⁷² ♂, age 1.5 yr, sea level, n=10

3.60^a

42.2^a

12.2^a

–

117

34

29^a

White leghorn Forsgate²⁸⁵ ♀, laying, 27 wk old control, n=10

2.35

27.6^a

10.6

–

117

45

38

White leghorn Forsgate²⁸⁵ ♀, laying, aflatoxin, 1 ppm, n=10

2.11

25.6

11.3

–

121

54

44

White leghorn Forsgate²⁸⁵ ♀, laying, aflatoxin, 2 ppm, n=10

1.84

21.4^a

10.6

–

116

57

49

White leghorn³⁰⁷, after first 28 days of life/reg diet, n=20

2.28

33.2

8.0

–

146

35

24

White leghorn³⁰⁷, after 28 days of life/folate-def diet, n=20

0.93

15.0

4.8

–

161

52

32

White leghorn³¹¹, chicks, after first 6 wk of life on a reg diet

2.70

31.7

7.4

12.1 × 6.8

119

28

24

White leghorn³¹¹, chicks, after first 6 wk of life/folate-def diet

0.70

10.8

3.4

14.2 × 7.2

160

47

31

White leghorn³⁴⁸, chick, 4 days post inoc., chicken anemia virus

–

31.8

–

–

–

–

–

White leghorn³⁴⁸, chick, 4 days post inoc., control

–

30.0

–

–

–

–

–

White leghorn³⁴⁸, chick, 6 days post inoc., chicken anemia virus

–

33.4

–

–

–

–

–

White leghorn³⁴⁸, chick, 6 days post inoc., control

–

31.4

–

–

–

–

–

White leghorn³⁴⁸, chick, 8 days post inoc., chicken anemia virus

–

34.0

–

–

–

–

–

White leghorn³⁴⁸, chick, 8 days post inoc., control

–

34.6

–

–

–

–

–

White leghorn³⁴⁸, chick, 12 days post inoc., chicken anemia virus

–

28.0

–

–

–

–

–

White leghorn³⁴⁸, chick, 12 days post inoc., control

–

34.4

–

–

–

–

–

White leghorn³⁴⁸, chick, 16 days post inoc., chicken anemia virus

–

12.2

–

–

–

–

–

White leghorn³⁴⁸, chick, 16 days post inoc., control

–

33.2

–

–

–

–

–

White leghorn³⁴⁸, chick, 20 days post inoc., chicken anemia virus

–

7.2

–

–

–

–

–

White leghorn³⁴⁸, chick, 20 days post inoc., control

–

30.8

–

–

–

–

–

White leghorn³⁴⁸, chick, 24 days post inoc. chicken anemia virus

–

31.2

–

–

–

–

–

White leghorn³⁴⁸, chick, 24 days post inoc., control

–

33.0

–

–

–

–

–

White leghorn³⁴⁸, chick, 32 days post inoc. chicken anemia virus

–

31.8

–

–

–

–

–

White leghorn³⁴⁸, chick, 32 days post inoc., control

–

32.0

–

–

–

–

–

466 Order Galliformes (Gallinaceous Birds, Game Birds)

Family Phasianidae

White leghorn³⁴⁹ ♂, age 7 days, n=10

2.24^a

27.0

9.1^a

–

125^a

40

33^a

Commercial broiler³⁴⁹ ♂, age 7 days, n=10

1.85^a

26.6

7.6^a

–

143^a

39

27^a

White leghorn³⁴⁹ ♂, age 14 days, n=10

2.22^b

27.2

7.8^b

–

122^b

35

29

Commercial broiler³⁴⁹ ♂, age 14 days, n=10

1.94^b

25.7

6.9^b

–

133^b

35

27

White leghorn³⁴⁹ ♂, age 21 days, n=10

2.40^c

28.5^C

8.1

–

119

34

29

Commercial broiler³⁴⁹ ♂, age 21 days, n=10

2.16^c

26.3^C

7.7

–

121

35

29

White leghorn³⁴⁹ ♂, age 28 days, n=10

2.53

29.5

9.1

–

116

36

31

Commercial broiler³⁴⁹ ♂, age 28 days, n=10

2.49

30.2

9.5

–

121

38

31

White leghorn³⁴⁹ ♂, age 35 days, n=10

2.50

29.6

8.5

–

118

34^d

29

Commercial broiler³⁴⁹ ♂, age 35 days, n=10

2.50

30.7

9.1

–

122

36^d

30

White leg & Plym rock¹⁹²♂, adult, 166rbc & 280 Hb samples

3.23

–

11.8

–

–

37

–

White leg & Plym rock¹⁹², ♀, adult 273rbc & 453 Hb samples

2.72

–

9.1

–

–

33

–

New Hampshire¹⁷⁸ ♂, lday old, 19mgFe/kg diet

–

25.5

10.7

–

–

–

42

New Hampshire¹⁷⁸ ♂, lday old, 99mgFe/kg diet

–

25.5

10.7

–

–

–

42

New Hampshire¹⁷⁸ ♂, lwk old/19mgFe/kg diet, n=20

–

17.5

7.5

–

–

–

43

New Hampshire¹⁷⁸ ♂, lwk old/99mgFe/kg diet, n=20

–

20.9

8.8

–

–

–

42

New Hampshire¹⁷⁸ ♂, 2wk old/19mgFe/kg diet, n=20

–

16.5

5.2^a

–

–

–

31

New Hampshire¹⁷⁸ ♂, 2wk old/99mgFe/kg diet, n=20

–

22.8

9.1^a

–

–

–

40

New Hampshire¹⁷⁸ ♂, 3wk old/19mgFe/kg diet, n=20

–

18.9^a

5.6^a

–

–

–

30

New Hampshire¹⁷⁸ ♂, 3wk old/99mgFe/kg diet, n=20

–

27.2^a

10.2^a

–

–

–

38

New Hampshire¹⁷⁸ ♂, 4wk old/19mgFe/kg diet, n=20

–

19.5^a

5.8^a

–

–

–

30

New Hampshire¹⁷⁸ ♂, 4wk old/99mgFe/kg diet, n=20

–

27.9^a

11.8^a

–

–

–

42

467Columbian Plymouth Rock¹⁷², n=3

–

–

–

12.3 × 6.9

–

–

–

Warren strain¹⁰² ♂, domestic fowl, adult, std layer’s diet, n=10

3.82

39.0

13.7*

–

104

36

35*

Warren strain¹⁰² ♂, adult, diet with 10% rapeseed meal, n=11

3.96

40.8

12.7*

–

99

33

31*

Warren strain¹⁰² ♀, adult, standard layer’s diet, n=14

2.62*

28.2

9.3*

–

109*

36*

33*

Warren strain¹⁰² ♀, adult, diet with 10% rapeseed meal, n=20

2.04*

27.5

8.6*

–

137*

43*

32*

Domestic fowl¹⁰³ ♂, commercial layer strain, adult, control, n=6

3.41

41.0*

11.9*

–

122

35*

29*

Domestic fowl¹⁰³ ♂, adult, dimethyl disulphide, x12 days, n=6

2.98

35.0*

8.8*

–

119

30*

25*

Domestic fowl¹⁰³ ♀, commercial layer strain, adult, control, n=6

2.80

29.0*

8.3*

–

104

30*

29*

Domestic fowl¹⁰³ ♀, adult, dimethyl disulphide, x12 days, n=4

2.86

27.0*

6.9*

–

97

24*

26*

Ross 308 broiler³⁰⁶, age 1 day, n=10 separate group

1.97

28.3

12.0

–

144

62

42

Ross 308 broiler³⁰⁶, age 7 days, n=10

2.12

29.0

12.3

–

140

60

42

Ross 308 broiler³⁰⁶, age 14 days, n=10

2.26

29.0

13.0

–

130

58

45

Ross 308 broiler³⁰⁶, age 21 days, n=10

2.33

29.6

13.1

–

129

57

45

Ross 308 broiler³⁰⁶, age 28 days, n=10

2.42

30.1

13.4

–

128

56

44

Ross 308 broiler³⁰⁶, age 35 days, n=10

2.83

31.0

13.5

–

125

53

43

Ross 308 broiler³⁰⁶, age 42 days, n=10

2.84

31.7

13.9

–

120

51

43

Ross 308 broiler³⁰⁶, age 49 days, n=10

2.97

32.4

14.1

–

116

51

43

Ross 308 broiler³⁰⁶, age 56 days, n=10

3.06

35.4

15.9

–

114

48

45

Ross 308 broiler³⁰⁶, mean first 56 days of life, n=10

2.53

30.7

13.4

–

127

55

44

Cobb 500 broiler³⁰⁶, age 1 day, n=10 separate group

2.04

27.4

11.8

–

132

58

43

Cobb 500 broiler³⁰⁶, age 7 days, n=10

2.08

27.6

11.9

–

132

57

43

Cobb 500 broiler³⁰⁶, age 14 days, n=10

2.14

28.1

12.0

–

131

56

43

Cobb 500 broiler³⁰⁶, age 21 days, n=10

2.34

29.0

12.2

–

127

55

42

Cobb 500 broiler³⁰⁶, age 28 days, n=10

2.38

29.9

12.8

–

125

53

43

Cobb 500 broiler³⁰⁶, age 35 days, n=10

2.17

31.3

13.5

–

120

53

43

Cobb 500 broiler³⁰⁶, age 42 days, n=10

2.82

32.0

14.1

–

119

51

43

468 Order Galliformes (Gallinaceous Birds, Game Birds)

Family Phasianidae

Cobb 500 broiler³⁰⁶, age 49 days, n=10

2.90

32.3

14.3

–

114

50

44

Cobb 500 broiler³⁰⁶, age 56 days, n=10

3.00

35.7

16.0

–

112

49

45

Cobb 500 broiler³⁰⁶, mean first 56 days of life, n=10

2.49

30.4

13.2

–

123

54

43

Commercial broiler³²⁹ ♂, broiler diet, day 49 of life, n=200

2.31

26.7

8.0

–

117

35

30

Commercial hybrid broiler ³⁴⁷, 6 wk old, n=980

–

28.8

–

–

–

–

–

Domestic chicken³¹⁹, AIP, age 6 day, ampicillin days 1–5, n=5

2.20^a

27.3^a

6.1^a

–

111^a

24^a

20^a

Domestic chicken³¹⁹, AIP, age 6 day, control, n=5

3.10

30.4

8.9

–

115

26

23

Dom. chick³¹⁹, AIP, 28days, amp’lin days 1–5, & 22–27, n=5

2.60

29.9

6.4

–

115

25

22

Domestic chicken³¹⁹, AIP, age 28 days, control, n=5

3.00

30.5

7.1

–

116

27

22

Arbor Acres broiler³²⁰, 1 day old, after 35 days, control, n=12

4.12

25.8

8.2

–

63

20

32

Arbor Acres³²⁰, as above, diet: low veg oil & bacitracin, n=12

4.81

28.1

8.3

–

58

17

29

Arbor Acres³²⁰, as above, diet: high veg oil & bacitracin, n=12

4.98

29.5

9.8

–

59

20

33

Arian broiler³⁰⁶, age 7 days, n=10

2.21

29.5

8.2

–

118

36

26

Arian broiler³⁰⁶, age 56 days, n=10

2.94

37.7

16.1

–

127

54

47

Arian broiler³⁰⁶, mean first 56 days of life, n=10

2.69

32.7

11.8

–

118

44

36

Arbor Acres broiler³⁰⁶, age 7 days, n=10

2.29

28.6

12.8

–

126

56

45

Arbor Acres broiler³⁰⁶, age 56 days, n=10

3.10

35.7

16.0

–

114

52

45

Arbor Acres broiler³⁰⁶, mean first 56 days of life, n=10

2.59

31.3

13.6

–

122

53

44

Brown leghorn¹⁵⁶, mixed sex, age 2 wk, specific-pathogen-free

2.41

28.4

10.2

–

118

43

36

Brown leghorn¹⁵⁶ ♂, age 4wk, specific-pathogen-free

2.12

27.9

10.1

–

134

48

36

Brown leghorn¹⁵⁶ ♂, age 6wk, specific-pathogen-free

2.41

30.2

10.8

–

127

45

36

469Brown leghorn¹⁵⁶ ♂, age 8wk, specific-pathogen-free

2.53

31.8

11.3

–

126

45

36

Brown leghorn¹⁵⁶ ♂, age 16wk, specific-pathogen-free, n=19

3.24*

36.4*

14.6*

–

113

45

40

Brown leghorn¹⁵⁶ ♀, age 16wk, specific-pathogen-free, n=30

2.20*

27.7*

10.1*

–

127

47

37

Broiler chicks³¹⁰ ♂, first 21 days of life/folate-supp diet, n=23

2.32

28.5

8.8

–

124

38

31

Broiler chicks³¹⁰ ♂, first 21 days of life/folate-def diet, n=9

0.40^a

7.1^a

1.9^a

–

188^a

50^a

27^a

Commercial hybrid broiler¹⁵⁶, mixed sex, 2 wk, n=10

2.07

27.4

8.2

–

135

40

30

Commercial hybrid broiler¹⁵⁶ ♂, age 4wk, n=10

2.31

25.9

8.3

–

112

35

32

Commercial hybrid broiler¹⁵⁶ ♂, age 6wk, n=10

2.29

28.7

9.8

–

126

43

34

Commercial hybrid broiler¹⁵⁶ ♂, age 8wk, n=10

2.41

28.0

8.8

–

116

37

31

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♂, 1 wk old, 7°C, n=10

–

23.6

8.9

–

–

–

38

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♂, 1 wk old, 32°C, n=10

–

22.2

8.9

–

–

–

38

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♂, 2 wk old, 7°C, n=10

–

28.0^a

10.6^a

–

–

–

38

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♂, 2 wk old, 32°C, n=10

–

24.8^a

9.4^a

–

–

–

38

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♂, 3 wk old, 7°C, n=10

–

30.9^a

11.6^a

–

–

–

38

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♂, 3 wk old, 32°C, n=10

–

25.8^a

9.9^a

–

–

–

38

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♂, 4 wk old, 7°C, n=10

–

31.1^a

11.2^a

–

–

–

36

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♂, 4 wk old, 32°C, n=10

–

25.6^a

9.6^a

–

–

–

38

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♂, 5 wk old, 7°C, n=10

–

31.0^a

12.2^a

–

–

–

39

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♂, 5 wk old, 32°C, n=10

–

26.6^a

10.4^a

–

–

–

39

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♂, 6 wk old, 7°C, n=10

–

28.5^a

11.0^a

–

–

–

39

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♂, 6 wk old, 32°C, n=10

–

26.8^a

9.5^a

–

–

–

35

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♂, 7 wk old, 7°C, n=10

–

30.0^a

12.1^a

–

–

–

40

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♂, 7 wk old, 32°C, n=10

–

23.3^a

9.8^a

–

–

–

42

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♂, 8 wk old, 7°C, n=10

–

29.8^a

11.0^a

–

–

–

37

470 Order Galliformes (Gallinaceous Birds, Game Birds)

Family Phasianidae

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♂, 8 wk old, 32°C, n=10

–

23.7^a

9.2^a

–

–

–

39

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♀, 1 wk old, 7°C, n=10

–

25.7

9.7

–

–

–

38

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♀, 1 wk old, 32°C, n=10

–

22.4

8.9

–

–

–

40

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♀, 2 wk old, 7°C, n=10

–

29.1^a

11.4^a

–

–

–

39

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♀, 2 wk old, 32°C, n=10

–

25.3^a

9.3^a

–

–

–

37

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♀, 3 wk old, 7°C, n=10

–

33.0^a

12.4^a

–

–

–

38

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♀, 3 wk old, 32°C, n=10

–

25.6^a

10.1^a

–

–

–

39

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♀, 4 wk old, 7°C, n=10

–

31.9^a

11.7^a

–

–

–

37

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♀, 4 wk old, 32°C, n=10

–

25.4^a

9.5^a

–

–

–

37

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♀, 5 wk old, 7°C, n=10

–

30.7^a

12.2^a

–

–

–

40

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♀, 5 wk old, 32°C, n=10

–

26.6^a

10.5^a

–

–

–

39

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♀, 6 wk old, 7°C, n=10

–

29.5^a

11.2^a

–

–

–

38

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♀, 6 wk old, 32°C, n=10

–

22.6^a

9.8^a

–

–

–

43

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♀, 7 wk old, 7°C, n=10

–

31.7^a

12.5^a

–

–

–

39

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♀, 7 wk old, 32°C, n=10

–

25.8^a

10.5^a

–

–

–

41

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♀, 8 wk old, 7°C, n=10

–

29.0^a

10.8^a

–

–

–

37

Commercial broiler chick²⁶² ♀, 8 wk old, 32°C, n=10

–

23.3^a

8.9^a

–

–

–

38

Commercial hybrid chicken²¹³, age 8mo, diploid, n=10 (5♂, 5♀)

3.44^a

35.8

12.1

–

104^a

35

34

Commercial hybrid chicken²¹³, age 8mo, triploid, n=5

2.36^a

34.4

12.1

–

146^a

51

35

Commercial hybrid chicken²¹³ ♂, age 8mo, diploid, n=5

3.75*

40.8

–

10.6^b X 6.2

109

–

–

471Commercial hybrid chicken²¹³ ♀, age 8mo, diploid, n=5

3.13*

30.8

–

10.2^b X 6.6

99

–

–

Commercial hybrid chicken²¹³, age 8mo, triploid, n=5

2.36

34.4

–

13.4^x X 7.5

146

–

–

Commercial broiler chick²⁶¹ ♂, 14 day study, basal diet, 10°C

–

32.1^a

7.6^a

–

–

–

24

Commercial broiler chick²⁶¹ ♂, 14 day study, Fe-Cu enrich, 10°C

–

39.4^e

10.5^c

–

–

–

27

Commercial broiler chick²⁶¹ ♂, 14 day study, basal diet, 21°C

–

26.4^e

6.8^d

–

–

–

26

Commercial broiler chick²⁶¹ ♂, 14 day study, Fe-Cu enrich, 21°C

–

35.1^b

8.8^b

–

–

–

25

Commercial broiler chick²⁶¹ ♂, 14 day study, basal diet, 32°C

–

23.8^f

6.1^e

–

–

–

26

Commercial broiler chick²⁶¹ ♂, 14 day study, Fe-Cu enrich, 32°C

–

29.6^d

7.9^a

–

–

–

27

Broiler chick²⁸⁶, day old, incubate internal hypox environ, n=16

2.77^a

34.8^a

11.2^a

–

126

41

33

Broiler chick²⁸⁶, day old, as above but oxygen supplement, n=16

2.42^a

30.8^a

10.3^a

–

128

43

34

Broiler breeder fowl²⁸⁷, with ascites, 5 weeks of age, n=58

3.16^a

37.8^a

11.6^a

–

124

38

31

Broiler breeder fowl²⁸⁷, normal, 5 weeks of age, n=24

2.58^a

29.9^a

9.3^a

–

116

36

31

Brown leghorn⁵⁵ ♂, domestic fowl, adult, dry blood film, n=6–18

–

–

–

11.5* X 7.7*

129*

–

–

Brown leghorn⁵⁵ ♀, adult, dry blood film, n=6–23

–

–

–

11.0* X 7.3*

121*

–

–

Brown leghorn⁵⁵ ♂, adult, wet blood film, n=6

–

–

–

12.8* X 7.9*

–

–

–

Brown leghorn⁵⁵ ♀, adult, wet blood film, n=6

–

–

–

12.2* X 7.4*

–

–

–

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁴ ♂, 10wk, day 1 bleeding, n=10

2.66*

30.0*

11.2*

–

113*

43*

38*

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁴ ♂, 10wk, day 2 bleeding, n=10

2.20

24.9

9.6

–

114

44

39

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁴ ♂, 10wk, day 3 bleeding, n=10

1.79*

22.3*

9.0

–

126

51*

41

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁴ ♂, 10wk, day 4 bleeding, n=10

1.78

21.3

7.0*

–

122

39

32

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁴ ♂, 10wk, day 5 bleeding, n=10

1.67

21.9

6.7

–

132

43

31*

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁴ ♂, 10wk, day 6 bleeding, n=10

1.77

24.0

6.9

–

136

39

29

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁴ ♂, 10wk, day 7 bleeding, n=10

1.72

24.7

6.8

–

144*

40

28

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁴ ♂, 10wk, day 9 bleeding, n=7

1.83

23.4

7.7

–

128

42

33

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁴♂, 10wk, day 10 bleeding, n=7

1.86

23.7

7.6

–

130

41

32

472 Order Galliformes (Gallinaceous Birds, Game Birds)

Family Phasianidae

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁴ ♂, 10wk, day 11 bleeding, n=7

1.77

24.8

8.1

–

139

46

33

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁴ ♂, 10wk, day 12 bleeding, n=7

1.80

24.2

8.4

–

132

46

35

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁴ ♂, 10wk, day 15, n=7

2.24

30.6

10.8

–

139

49

35

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁴ ♂, 10wk, day 18, n=7

2.72

34.4

10.6

–

127

39

31

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁴ ♂, 10wk, control, day 1, n=5

2.36

29.5

11.5

–

126

49

39

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁴ ♂, 10wk, control, day 8, n=5

3.11

30.2

10.1

–

98

33

34

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁴ ♂, 10wk, control, day 18, n=5

2.95

32.4

10.2

–

111

35

32

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁶ ♂, 8wk, pre-treatment

2.66*

35.1*

11.3*

–

133

43

32

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁶ ♂, 8wk, day 1 post-p’hydrazine

1.83*

24.0*

8.0*

–

132

44

33

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁶ ♂, 8wk, pre-treatment

2.41

28.8

8.8

–

120

37

31

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁶ ♂, 8wk, day 2 post-p’hydrazine

1.70

21.3

7.1

–

126

42

34

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁶ ♂, 8wk, pre-treatment

2.31

28.7

8.8

–

125*

38

31

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁶ ♂, 8wk, day 3 post-p’hydrazine

1.30

21.4

6.1

–

167*

47

28

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁶ ♂, 8wk, pre-treatment

2.32

28.8

8.7

–

124

38

30

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁶ ♂, 8wk, day 4 post-p’hydrazine

1.97

26.2

7.6

–

133

39

29

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁶ ♂, 8wk, pre-treatment

2.32

28.8

8.7

–

124

38

30

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁶ ♂, 8wk, day 8 post-p’hydrazine

2.54

30.8

11.2

–

122

44

36

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁶ ♂, 8wk, pre-treatment

2.42

28.8

8.9

–

120

37

31

Brown leghorn¹⁰⁶ ♂, 8wk, day 9 post-p’hydrazine

2.46

33.6

11.6

–

136

47

34

Ross roosters (domestic fowl)⁷⁹ ♂, adult, n=5

–

38.3

10.9

–

–

–

28

473Ross 308 broiler¹⁴⁴, day 7 of life, control, n=40

–

27.1*

–

–

–

–

–

Ross 308 broiler¹⁴⁴, day 7 of life, exp, prior to Cu-poor diet, n=40

–

30.5*

–

–

–

–

–

Ross 308 broiler¹⁴⁴, day 49 of life, control, n=40

–

30.5^a

–

–

–

–

–

Ross 308 broiler¹⁴⁴, day 49 of life, Cu-poor diet, day 49, n=40

–

26.4^a

–

–

–

–

–

Hubbard fowl²³⁷♂, adult, exotic, domestic, in Nigeria, n=8

2.33

33.3*

10.1*

–

143

43

30

Hubbard fowl²³⁷ ♀, adult, exotic, domestic, in Nigeria, n=12

2.14

28.3*

9.2*

–

133*

43

32

Broiler breeder³²⁸, 4–20wk of life mean, ad.lib diet, n=5/wk

2.81^a

32.9^a

10.6^a

–

118^a

38^a

32

Broiler breeder³²⁸, 4–20wk of life mean, restricted diet, n=5 /wk

2.88^a

31.2^a

10.0^a

–

109^a

35^a

32

Broiler breeder³²⁸, 4–20wk of life mean, ad. lib diet, n=5/wk

2.81^b

32.9^b

10.6^b

–

118

38

32

Egg-layer strain ISA³²⁸, 4–20wk mean, ad.lib diet, n=5/wk

2.56^b

29.8^b

9.6^b

–

117

38

32

Domestic chick embryo²⁰⁹, incubation day 9, n=13

1.34

18.7

4.8

–

132

36

28

Domestic chick embryo²⁰⁹, incubation day 12, n=13

1.75

20.1

5.5

–

117

36

27

Domestic chick embryo²⁰⁹, incubation day 15, n=21

2.30

28.6

8.2

–

124

36

29

Domestic chick embryo²⁰⁹, incubation day 18, n=20

2.77

33.8

10.1

–

123

36

30

Phasianus colchicus ²³ ♂, ring-necked or common pheasant, adult, age 2–3yr, captive, n=12

3.26

41.5

18.9

10.6 × 6.8

127

58

46

Phasianus colchicus ¹⁵⁵, pheasant, 4–12 wk, farmed, n=23

3.10

34.0

16.4

–

112

53

47

Phasianus colchicus ¹⁵⁵, spironucleosis-infection, n=21

3.67^a

41.0^a

18.9^a

–

111

51

46

Phasianus colchicus ²⁸⁴ ♂, young, growing, farmed, Nov, n≥100

3.58*

38.2*

11.5*

–

111

33

30*

Phasianus colchicus ²⁸⁴ ♂, prior to laying, farmed, Mar, n≥89

4.09*

44.2*

14.1*

–

110

35

32*

Phasianus colchicus ²⁸⁴ ♂, post period of repro., Sept, n=88

3.90

37.3

11.6

–

99

31

31

Phasianus colchicus ²⁸⁴ ♀, young, growing, farmed, Nov, n≥93

3.47*

37.8*

10.4*

–

112

31

28*

Phasianus colchicus ²⁸⁴ ♀, prior to laying, farmed, Mar, n≥93

3.30*

37.5*

11.8*

–

115

36

31*

Phasianus colchicus ²⁸⁴ ♀, post period of repro., Sept, n≥86

3.98

38.5

12.4

–

99

32

32

Phasianus colchicus ²⁹¹, 1 wk old

2.20

28.0

8.0

–

127

36

28

474 Order Galliformes (Gallinaceous Birds, Game Birds)

Family Phasianidae

Phasianus colchicus ²⁹¹, 4 wk old

2.70

37.0

9.8

–

150

36

25

Phasianus colchicus ²⁹¹,12 wk old

3.30

35.0

10.6

–

104

32

32

Phasianus colchicus ²⁹¹, mature

3.60

42.0

11.2

–

112

31

27

Phasianus colchicus ²⁹⁷ ♂, adult, 52 wk old, penned, n=15

2.72

43.5*

16.0^e

–

160

59

37

Phasianus colchicus ²⁹⁷ ♀, adult, 52 wk old, penned, n=15

2.37

38.7*

16.7^e

–

163

71

43

Phasianus colchicus ²⁹⁷ ♂, juvenile, 5 wk old, penned, n=10

2.35

33.8^a

16.5^e

–

144

70

49

Phasianus colchicus ²⁹⁷ ♀, juvenile, 5 wk old, penned, n=10

2.03

33.9^a

19.5^b

–

167

96

57

Francolinus afer ⁶², rednecked francolin, n=10♂, 9♀

3.25

32.5

12.3

12.6 × 7.6

100

38

38

Francolinus natalensis ⁶², natal francolin, n=12♂, 12 ♀

3.35

31.8

11.4

12.5 × 7.5

95

34

36

Alectoris gracea ²³ ♂, chukar or rock partridge, adult, age 2–3 yr, captive, n=9

2.62

37.2

11.1

11.3 × 6.4

142

42

30

Alectoris rufa rufa ¹⁴³, red-legged partridge, adult, n=4♂, 4♀

2.36

26.0

8.5

13.0 × 6.0

110

36

33

Alectoris rufa ¹⁵⁸, young adults, n=15

3.40

46.0

10.3

–

136

32

24

Perdix perdix ¹⁵⁴, grey/gray partridge, young adults, n=10–25

3.40

49.0

12.2

–

140

35

25

Perdix perdix ²⁹¹,1 wk old

1.80

27.7

7.4

–

155

41

26

Perdix perdix ²⁹¹, 4 wk old

2.30

34 0

8.3

–

144

35

25

Perdix perdix ²⁹¹,12 wk old

2.90

34.0

10.0

–

117

34

30

Perdix perdix ²⁹¹, mature

3.30

–

11.8

–

–

33

–

Tympanuchus cupido attwateri ²¹⁷, greater prairie chicken, Attwater’s greater prairie chicken, undetermined sex, n=33

–

44.8

–

–

–

–

–

Lagopus lagopus scotica ³⁰¹, red grouse, captive, n=56

3.70

46.7

14.4

–

124

38

31

475 Family Odontophoridae

Colinus virginianus ridgwayi ⁷⁰, masked bobwhite, n=15-20

2.60

35.0

10.8

–

135

41

30

Colinus virginianus ¹¹⁶, bobwhite, adult, n=4♂, 3♀

3.02

38.8

12.3

–

130

42

32

Colinus virginianus ¹³⁶ ♂, northern bobwhite, control, n=9

–

42.0

14.3

–

–

–

34

Colinus virginianus ¹³⁶ ♂, Pb x 99 days, n=12

–

31.5

8.7

–

–

–

28

Family Numididae (guineafowl)

Numida meleagris ²³ ♂, helmeted or crowned guineafowl, guinea, adult, age 2–3 yr, captive, n=10

2.82

43.0

14.9

12.0 × 6.0

152

53

35

Numida meleagris ³¹ ♂, age 8wk, n=7

2.16^b

34.3^bc

11.5^cd

–

159

53

34

Numida meleagris ³¹ ♀, age 8wk, n=7

1.98^bc

32.7 ^c

11.4^d

–

165

58

35

Numida meleagris ³¹ ♂, age 12wk, n=6

1.64^c

34.4^bc

12.2^bcd

–

210

74

35

Numida meleagris ³¹ ♀, age 12wk, n=6

1.97^bc

37.4^b

12.5^bcd

–

190

63

33

Numida meleagris ³¹ ♂, age 8mo, n=4

2.79*^a

43.5*^a

15.8*^a

–

156

57

36

Numida meleagris ³¹ ♀, age 8mo, n=6

2.15*^b

37.5*^b

13.3*^b

–

174

62

35

Numida meleagris ³¹ ♂, age 12mo, n=4

3.07*^a

43.5*^a

15.6*^a

–

142

51

36

Numida meleagris ³¹ ♀, age 12mo, n=6

1.96*^bc

36.7*^b

13.4*^b

–

187

68

37

Numida meleagris ^{31, 123} ♂, age 24 mo, n=4

3.12*^a

47.8*^a

16.1*^a

11.8 X 6.0^x

153

52

34

Numida meleagris ^{31, 123} ♀, age 24 mo, n=6

1.82*^bc

37.3*^b

13.1*^bc

11.8 X 6.0^x

205

72

35

Numida meleagris ²³¹ 1 day old, n=6

1.37

42.2

12.7

–

308

93

30

Numida meleagris ²³¹ 1 month old, n=12

1.88

38.4

11.6

–

204

62

30

Numida meleagris ²³¹ ♂, 3 months old, n=10

2.18

45.1

12.6

–

207

58

28

Numida meleagris ²³¹ ♀, 3 months old, n=10

2.03

41.5

11.5

–

204

57

28

Numida meleagris ²³¹ ♂, 5 months old, n=10

2.04

43.2

12.3

–

212

60

29

Numida meleagris ²³¹ ♀, 5 months old, n=10

1.79

39.4

11.2

–

220

60

29

476 Order Galliformes (Gallinaceous Birds, Game Birds)

Family Numididae (guineafowl)

Numida meleagris ²³¹ ♂, 8 months old, n=10

2.09

41.7

14.5

–

200

70

36

Numida meleagris ²³¹ ♀, 8 months old layers, n=9

1.81

35.5

13.6

–

196

78

39

Numida meleagris ²³¹ ♀, 16 months old in pause, n=12

1.73

40.7

11.8

–

235

68

29

Numida meleagris ²⁰⁰ ♂, adult, in Nigeria, n=10

2.13*

42.8*

12.7

–

206

61

29

Numida meleagris ²⁰⁰ ♀, adult, in Nigeria, n=10

1.93*

37.9*

12.6

–

197

66

33

Numida meleagris ²⁰⁷ ♀, egg-laying, in Nigeria, n=10

2.18

32.6^a

11.1

–

151

52

34

Numida meleagris ²⁰⁷ ♀, non-laying, in Nigeria, n=10

2.34

36.7^a

11.9

–

160

52

33

Numida meleagris⁶², n=8♂, 7♀

2.85

40.7

13.4

14.5 × 8.0

140

46

33

Numida m’agris galeatus ²³⁵ ♂, 21wk, sex immat, in Feb, n=11

2.43

37.6

11.8

–

152

48^a

32

Numida m’agris galeatus ²³⁵ ♂, 156wk, sex mature, in Feb, n=9

2.48

39.4

12.8

–

160

52^a

32

Numida m’agris galeatus ²³⁹ ♀, adult, in Nigeria, n=7

2.32

36.3

7.1

–

113

31

20

Numida meleagris ¹⁸⁵ ♂, mature, n=10

2.70

40.3^b

13.0^b

14.4^a X 7.5

149

48

32

Family Tetraonidae (ptarmigans)

Lagopus mutus ²⁴⁹, rock ptarmigan, adult, wild, n=60 erythrocytes

–

–

–

11.0 × 6.5

–

–

–

Lagopus mutus ²⁴⁹, nuclear measurements, n=60 erythrocytes

–

–

–

5.0 × 2.4

–

–

–

Tetrao urogallus ³⁰², western capercaillie, young <4 mo, 1♂, 5♀

3.22

48.4

11.2^a

13.0 × 7.4

153

35

23^a

Tetrao urogallus ³⁰², capercaillie, adult, >2yr, n=4♂, 5♀

3.50

50.9

14.3^a

13.2 × 7.4

150

42

28^a

477 Order Gruiformes (Cranes)

Family Gruidae (cranes)

Grus japonensis ¹⁹, Manchurian, Japanese or red-crowned crane, adult, captive, n=11

2.20

42.0

14.3

12.6 × 9.4

191

65

34

Grus japonensis ³⁰, adult, captive, n=14

2.39

42.9

16.5

–

–

69

38

Grus grus ¹⁹, common or Eurasian crane, adult, captive, n=4

2.70

48.0

16.7

13.6 × 7.8

177

62

35

Grus grus ³⁰, captive, n=10

2.26

43.2

15.8

–

–

70

37

Grus grus ²², young, wintering, migratory, n=12–13

2.52

43.1

15.0

–

172

60

35

Grus grus ²², adult, wintering, migratory, n=15–17

2.42

42.7

14.6

–

176

60

34

Grus monacha ¹⁹, hooded crane, adult, captive, n=2

2.40

43.0

15.8

12.6 × 7.1

177

66

37

Grus monacha ³⁰, captive, n=9

2.70

46.5

16.7

–

–

62

36

Grus leucogeranus ³⁰, Siberian white crane, captive, n=9

2.36

45.2

16.5

–

–

70

37

Grus americana ³⁰, American or whooping crane, captive, n=1

1.95

37.8

14.3

–

–

73

38

Grus americana ⁷⁰, adult, captive, n=15

2.20

42.0

14.4

–

191

67

34

Grus canadensis pulla ⁷⁰, Mississippi sandhill crane, n∼10

2.50

44.0

13.7

–

176

53

31

Grus canadensis tabida ⁷⁰, greater sandhill crane, n=∼19

2.60

41.0

14.5

–

158

57

36

Grus canadensis pratensis ⁷⁰, Florida sandhill crane, n=∼19

2.40

44.0

12.6

–

183

53

29

Grus canadensis tabida ³⁰, greater sandhill crane, n=4

2.52

41.6

15.2

–

–

60

37

Grus canadensis pratensis ³⁰, Florida sandhill crane, n=9

2.41

41.8

15.2

–

–

63

36

Grus canadensis canadensis ³⁰, lesser sandhill crane, n=2

2.79

42.1

15.7

–

–

56

37

Grus rubicunda ³⁰, brolga or Australian crane, captive, n=3

1.82

39.8

14.2

–

–

78

36

Grus vipio ³⁰, white-naped/-necked crane, captive, n=21

2.25

42.2

15.3

–

–

68

36

478 Order Gruiformes (Cranes)

Family Gruidae (cranes)

Grus antigone antigone ³⁰, Indian sarus crane, captive, n=3

1.86

40.0

15.2

–

–

82

38

Grus antigone ¹⁴⁵, sarus crane, captive, n=9

2.20

45.0

15.5

–

203

70

35

Grus antigone sharpii ³⁰, eastern sarus crane, captive, n=4

2.10

42.6

15.5

–

–

74

36

Bugeranus carunculatus ³⁰, wattled crane, captive, n=2

2.30

44.0

16.4

–

–

71

37

Anthropoides paradisea ¹⁹, stanley/blue/paradise crane, adult, captive, n=3

2.60

44.0

16.3

14.5 × 7.1

169

63

37

Anthropoides paradisea ³⁰, captive, n=2

2.38

40.0

14.7

–

–

62

37

Anthropoides paradisea ⁶² ♂, n=4

2.12

34.0

14.7

13.9 × 8.8

160

69

43

Anthropides paradisea^{1 45}, captive, n=8

2.40

42.0

15.0

–

174

62

36

Anthropoides virgo ³⁰, demoiselle crane, captive, n=4

2.64

43.8

15.3

–

–

58

35

Anthropoides virgo ¹⁹, adult, captive, n=11

2.70

43.0

14.9

12.8 × 8.5

162

56

34

Balearica pavonina ³⁰, black or West African crowned crane, captive, n=2

2.40

42.9

14.9

–

–

62

35

Balearica regulorum ³⁰, gray or East African crowned crane, captive, n=6

2.41

46.3

16.3

–

–

68

35

Balearica sp.¹⁹, adult, captive, n=11

2.80

47.0

15.6

11.0 × 8.0

171

64

36

Family Otididae (bustards)

Otis tarda ⁶¹, great bustard, 4–8 wk chicks, wild, n=19

2.46

41.0

11.7

–

170

45

29

Otis tarda ⁶³ , ♂, adult, 1–11yr

3.70*

50.0

13.9

–

123

32

27

479 Otis tarda ⁶³ , ♀, adult, 1–11yr

2.80*

50.0

12.6

–

202

47

24

Otis tarda ³¹⁸, captive, 4yr survey, 96 samplings, n=3♂, 3♀

2.74

44.6

14.7

–

165

54

33

Genus Ardeotis (kori bustards)

Ardeotis kori ⁵, kori bustard, adult, >2yr, captive, n=28

2.30

47.0

14.1

13.5 × 7.3

209

62

30

Ardeotis kori ⁶, 1 mo, captive-reared, n=9

1.28

23.0

7.5

–

178

59

33

Ardeotis kori ⁶, 2 mo, captive-reared, n=12

1.57

30.0

9.7

–

195

62

32

Ardeotis kori⁶, 3 mo, captive-reared, n=14

1.76

35.1

10.9

–

204

64

31

Ardeotis kori⁶, 4 mo, captive-reared, n=15

2.06

37.4

12.1

–

185

60

32

Ardeotis kori ⁶, 6 mo, captive-reared, n=10

2.14

38.0

11.4

–

180

54

30

Ardeotis kori ⁶, 9mo, captive-reared, n=8

2.10

39.0

12.8

–

187

61

33

Ardeotis kori ⁶, 15mo, captive-reared, n=13

2.08

47.0

14.2

–

227

69

30

Neotis heuglinii ⁴⁵ ♀, Heuglin’s bustard, captive, adult, n=5

2.18

43.0

12.5

–

198

57

29

Genus Chlamydotis (houbara bustards)

Chlamydotis u. macqueenii ⁴⁴ ♂, houbara bustard, adult, n=14

2.53

47.0

14.7

12.4 × 6.9

190

59

31

Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii ⁴⁴ ♀, adult, captive, n=20

2.49

47.0

15.2

12.4 X 6.9.

193

62

32

Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii ⁴³, adult, n=34

2.51

47.0

14.9

–

191

60

32

Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii ⁴³, <4wk captive-bred, n=7

1.42^a

23.0^a

7.7^a

–

165^a

55

33

Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii ⁴³, 4–8wk, captive-bred, n=7

1.62^a

29.0^a

9.0^a

–

178

56

31

Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii ⁴³, 8–12wk, captive-bred, n=7

1.70^a

31.0^a

9.5^a

–

182

56

31

Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii ⁴³, 12–16wk, captive-bred, n=7

1.93^a

36.0^a

11.5^a

–

189

60

32

Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii ⁴³, 16–20wk, captive-bred, n=4

1.80^a

41.0^a

12.9^a

–

227

72

32

Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii ⁴³, 20–24wk, captive-bred, n=4

1.93^a

43.0^a

13.6

–

232^a

72^a

31

Genus Eupodotis (African lesser bustards)

Eupodotis ruficrista ⁴², rufous-crested bustard, adult, captive, n=14

2.89

47.0

17.6^a

–

173

65^a

38^a

Eupodotis ruficrista ⁴², juvenile, 4–6mo, n=6

2.58

46.0

13.1^a

–

179

51^a

28^a

480 Order Gruiformes (Cranes)

Family Otididae (bustarda)

Eupodotis ruficrista ^{42, 43}, adult, captive, n=14

2.89

47.0

17.6

–

173

65

38

Eupodotis ruficrista gindiana ⁴³, <4wk, captive-bred, n=5

1.76^a

30.0^a

7.7^a

–

172

44^a

26^a

Eupodotis ruficrista gindiana ⁴³, 4–8wk, captive-bred, n=8

1.87^a

35.0^a

9.6^a

–

185

51^a

28^a

Eupodotis ruficrista gindiana ⁴³, 8–12wk, captive-bred, n=9

1.97^a

38.0^a

10.6^a

–

193

55^a

28^a

Eupodotis ruficrista gindiana ⁴³, 12–16wk, captive-bred, n=8

2.37^a

43.0^a

13.2^a

–

185

55^a

30^a

Eupodotis ruficrista gindiana ⁴³, 16–20wk, captive-bred, n=8

2.59

48.0^a

14.3^a

–

185

56^a

30^a

Eupodotis ruficrista gindiana ⁴³, 20–24wk, captive-bred, n=5

2.86

50.0

14.2^a

–

176

51^a

29^a

Eupodotis senegalensis ⁴⁵, white-bellied bustard, 2♂, 1♀

2.31

47.0

15.2

–

206

66

32

Eupodotis senegalensis ⁴³, <4wk, captive-bred, n=4

1.45^a

26.0^a

8.8^a

–

175^a

60

34

Eupodotis senegalensis ⁴³, 4–8wk, captive-bred, n=4

1.76^a

31.0^a

10.5^a

–

178^a

60

34

Eupodotis senegalensis ⁴³, 8–12wk, captive-bred, n=4

1.95^a

35.0^a

11.3^a

–

183

58

32

Eupodotis senegalensis ⁴³, 12–16wk, captive-bred, n=5

2.04^a

39.0^a

11.8^a

–

192

59

31

Eupodotis senegalensis ⁴³, 16–20wk, captive-bred, n=5

2.31

42.0^a

14.0

–

184

61

33

Eupodotis senegalensis ⁴³, 20–24wk, captive-bred, n=5

2.58

44.0

14.2

–

171^a

56^a

32

Eupodotis afra ⁴⁵ ♂, little black bustard, adult, captive, n=4

2.68

44.0

14.6

–

170

55

33

Family Rallidae (rails, crakes)

Porphyrio porphyrio ¹⁹⁹, purple gallinule, purple swamphen, adult, captive, n=10

2.81

47.6

15.9

15.2 × 8.3

170

57

34

481 Order Charadriiformes (Waders and Gull-like birds)

Family Burhinidae (curlews)

Genus Burhinus (thick-knees)

Burhinus oedicnemus ³, stone curlew, karawan, adult, captive, 15 ♀, 3♂

2.86

47.0

14.5

13.3 X 6.8

167

51

30

Burhinus capensis ^3,4, Cape thick-knee, n=1–16

2.06

46.0

13.3

–

175

65

28

Burhinus bistriatus ¹⁶¹, double-striped thick-knee, n=4–27

3.57

49.3

13.6

–

154

49

27

Family Charadriidae (plovers)

Himantopus himantopus ¹⁶¹, black-winged stilt, n=11–47

3.45

50.3

15.0

–

149

45

30

Recurvirostra americana ¹⁶¹, amer avocet, blue shanks n=3–10

3.48

46.2

13.4

–

135

43

33

Charadrius vociferus ¹⁶¹, killdeer, n=1–7

4.00

46.6

14.0

–

117

39

33

Charadrius wilsonia ²⁵, Wilson’s plover, wild, n=6

–

–

–

12.8 X 7.3

–

–

–

Family Stercorariidae (skuas)

Catharacta skua ²⁸, great skua, adult, wild, n=102

2.65

44.0

–

–

168

–

–

Catharacta (Stercorarius) skua ¹⁹⁰ ♂, adult, wild, n=14

2.57

44.2

–

–

172

–

–

Catharacta (Stercorarius) skua ¹⁹⁰ ♀, adult, wild, n=28

2.64

43.7

–

–

166

–

–

Catharacta (Stercorarius) skua ⁷⁵, adult, wild, n=2

–

45.0

14.0

–

–

–

31

Stercorarius skua ³⁰⁸, wild, 9 days after 6-egg lay, n =32

1.98^x

42.0^x

–

–

217^x

–

–

Stercorarius skua ³⁰⁸, wild, 9 days after 2-egg lay, n=46

2.48^a

46.0^a

–

–

186^a

–

–

Catharacta lonnbergi ^{85, 292}, brown skua, adult, wild, n=10

3.40

42.2

12.7

11.8 X 6.6

125

38

30

482 Order Charadriiformes (Waders and Gull-like birds)

Family Laridae (gulls)

Larus marinus⁵³, great black-backed gull, mixed age, wild, n=~50

2.10

41.0

12.9

12.4 X 7.1

200

63

32

Larus argentatus ⁵³, herring gull, mixed age, n=~110

2.10

41.0

13.0

12.2 X 7.0

201

63

32

Larus argentatus ⁵³, nestling, wild, n=24

1.50^a

35.0^a

9.9^a

12.0 X 6.9

243^a

69^a

28^a

Larus argentatus ^{71, 123}, adult, captive, n=12

2.92

43.2

15.9

11.9 X 6.8

145

55

37

Larus argentatus ³⁴³ ♂, adult, breeding, mid-incubation, n=79

–

43.5*

–

–

–

–

–

Larus argentatus ³⁴³ ♀, adult, breeding, mid-incubation, n=81

–

42.5*

–

–

–

–

–

Larus argentatus ³⁴³, prefledgling chicks, 4wks old, wild, n=101

–

31.2

–

–

–

–

–

Larus argentatus ¹³⁸, nestling, crude oil 20mg/kg x5 days, n=6

–

14.7*

6.0*

–

–

–

41

Larus argentatus ¹³⁸, nestling, control, n=7

–

30.3*

9.2*

–

–

–

30

Larus argentaus ³³⁶, captive, ~4mL phlebotomy day 1, n=8–9

2.50

47 1

15.3

–

188

61

32

Larus argentaus ³³⁶, captive, ~4mL phlebotomy day 3, n=8

2.00

40 1

13.2

–

201

66

33

Larus argentaus ³³⁶, captive, ~4mL phlebotomy day 5, n=8–9

2.00

39 1

12.7

–

196

64

32

Larus argentatus ²⁰⁸, immature, wild, n=10, LxW=1

–

33.9

–

14.5 X 8.0

–

–

–

Larus ridibundus ^{71, 123}, blackheaded gull, adult, captive, n=12

3.16

43.9

15.9

12.1 X 6.9

144

51

36

Larus ridibundus ⁹¹, n=38

3.86

42 0

12.9

–

109

33

27

Larus rudibundus ²¹² ♂, adult, captive, n=12

2.89

39.0

12.3

–

–

–

33

Larus dominicanus ^{85, 292}, southern black-backed or kelp gull, adult, wild, n=21

3.64

39.0

12.6

12.6 X 6.6

107

35

32

483 Larus occidentalis ²²⁶, western gull, captive ~220 days

3.00

48 7

17.1

–

160

57

35

Creagrus furcatus ³³⁵, swallow-tailed gull, G’gos Islands, n=19

–

54.0

–

–

–

–

–

Rissa tridactyla ²⁴⁷, black-legged kittiwake, adult, wild, n=48

–

54.9

–

–

–

–

–

Order Charadriiformes (Waders and Gull-like birds)

Family Sternidae (terns)

Genus Sterna (terns)

Sterna paradisaea ³², Arctic tern, adult, 167g, wild, n=26

3.08

46.0

14.4

12.6 X 6.6

152

46

31

Sterna vittata ^{85, 292}, Antarctic tern, adult, wild, n=20

3.78

47.9

14.4

12.1 X 6.6

127

38

30

Sterna fuscata ¹¹⁹, sooty tern, adult, wild, n=36

–

47.0*

–

–

–

–

–

Sterna fuscata ¹¹⁹, chick, wild, n=35

–

40.0*

–

–

–

–

–

Family Alcidae (auks)

Alle (Plautus) alle ³², little auk, nestling, 1 day, 21g, wild, n=5

1.75

39.0

10.9

13.3 X 8.2

222

63

29

Alle (Plautus) alle ³², nestling, 2 days, 25g, wild, n=5

1.68

31.4

10.3

13.2 X 7.5

186

61

33

Alle (Plautus) alle ³², nestling, 3 days, 32g, wild, n=5

2.03

42.0

10.6

13.1 X 7.6

209

53

26

Alle (Plautus) alle ³², nestling, 4 days, 36g, wild, n=5

1.98

32.2

9.8

12.7 X 7.5

177

50

29

Alle (Plautus) alle ³², nestling, 5 days, 36g, wild, n=5

2.18

39.6

11.1

12.8 X 7.6

182

49

28

Alle (Plautus) alle ³², nestling, 6 days, 47g, wild, n=5

2.47

37.8

11.4

13.1 X 7.8

158

47

30

Alle (Plautus) alle ³², nestling, 7 days, 54g, wild, n=5

2.55

38.4

10.6

13.0 X 7.3

154

44

28

Alle (Plautus) alle ³², nestling, 8 days, 55g, wild, n=1

3.71

41.0

9.5

12.5 X 7.4

111

26

23

Alle (Plautus) alle ³², nestling, 9 days, 55g, wild, n=1

2.95

40.0

11.9

13.0 X 7.3

136

40

30

Alle (Plautus) alle ³², nestling, 11 days, 79g, wild, n=3

2.37

40.3

12.5

12.8 X 6.9

173

54

31

Alle (Plautus) alle ³², nestling, 13 days, 96g, wild, n=3

3.15

42.3

12.2

13.0 X 6.8

140

41

29

Alle (Plautus) alle ³², nestling, 15 days, 99g, wild, n=3

2.84

46.0

12.7

12.5 X 7.0

162

45

28

Alle (Plautus) alle ³², nestling, 19 days, 113g, wild, n=3

3.23

43.3

13.8

12.6 X 6.5

135

43

32

484 Order Charadriiformes (Waders and Gull-like birds)

Family Alcidae (auks)

Alle (Plautus) alle³², nestling, 21 days, 116g, wild, n=3

3.54

45.0

14.3

12.6 X 6.9

128

41

32

Alle (Plautus) alle ³², nestling, 23 days, 120g, wild, n=3

3.31

41.6

13.8

12.3 X 6.6

130

43

33

Alle (Plautus) alle ³², nestling, 25 days, 113g, wild, n=3

3.82

46.3

15.2

12.5 X 6.5

121

40

33

Alle (Plautus) alle ³², nestling, 27 days, 108g, wild, n=3

4.00

50.0

16.0

12.3 X 6.5

128

41

32

Alle (Plautus) alle ³², little auk, adult, 110g, wild, n=26

3.46

56.8

17.0

12.8 X 6.8

167

50

30

Fratercula arctica ¹³⁸, nestling, Atlantic puffin, crude oil, n=5

–

28.6*

7.4*

–

–

–

26

Fratercula arctica ¹³⁸, nestling, control, n=7

–

42.1*

12.1*

–

–

–

29

Fratercula arctica ²⁴⁷, adult, wild free-living, n=27

–

57.9

–

–

–

–

–

Fratercula arctica ³³² ♂, adult, wild free-living, n=1

5.25

–

–

–

–

–

–

Fratercula arctica ³³² ♀, adult, wild free-living, n=2

3.92

–

–

–

–

–

–

Fratercula arctica ³³², adult, wild free-living, n=6

–

60.5

–

–

–

–

–

Alca torda ²⁴⁷, razorbill, adult, wild free-living, n=18

–

55.3

–

–

–

–

–

Uria aalge ²⁴⁷, common murre, adult, wild free-living, n=166

–

54.8

–

–

–

–

–

Uria aalge ³³² ♀, common murre, adult, wild free-living, n=1

–

55.8

–

–

–

–

–

Uria aalge ³³², chick, wild free-living, n=2

–

40.6

–

–

–

–

–

Uria aalge ³³³, wild, free, oiled from Apex Houston spill, n=580

–

37.7

–

–

–

–

–

Cerorhinca monocerata ²²³, adult,rhinoceros auklet, horn-billed puffin

Cerorhinca monocerata ²²³, conrol, day 0, n=8

–

49.5

13.8

–

–

–

28

Cerorhinca monocerata ²²³, conrol, day 5, n=8

–

41.4

11.6

–

–

–

28

Cerorhinca monocerata ²²³, control, day 9, n=8

–

44.3

11.7

–

–

–

26

485 Cerorhinca monocerata ²²³, day 0, 10 mL PBCO/kg, n=8

–

42.5

11.7

–

–

–

28

Cerorhinca monocerata ²²³, day 5, 10 mL PBCO/kg, n=8

–

38.1

10.1

–

–

–

27

Cerorhinca monocerata ²²³, day 9, 10 mL PBCO/kg, n=8

–

40.3

10.1

–

–

–

25

Cerorhinca monocerata ²²³, day 28, 10 mL PBCO/kg, n=8,

–

47.9

14.2

–

–

–

30

Cepphus columba ³³¹, pigeon guillemot, adult, oiled area, n=10

3.01

53.0

18.3

–

168

61

34

Cepphus columba ³³¹, adult, unoiled area, Pr Wm Sound, n=6

3.76

58.0

–

–

163

–

33

Cepphus columba ³³¹, 20 days-old chicks, oiled area, n=14

2.60

44.0

12.7

–

159

49

31

Cepphus columba ³³¹, 20 days old, unoiled area, n=16–18

2.58

43.0

11.6

–

160

45

28

Cepphus columba ³³¹, 30 days-old chicks, oiled area, n=22–24

3.16

48.0

13.8

–

148^a

44

29

Cepphus columba ³³¹, 30 days old, unoiled area, n=13–15

2.95

47.0

13.0

–

160^a

44

27

Family Scolopacidae (sandpipers)

–

Limosa lapponica taymyrensis ²⁵⁰, bar-tailed godwit, migrating, arrival at stopover

–

47.^a

15.4^a

–

–

–

33

Limosa lapponica taymyrensis ²⁵⁰, refueling at stopover

–

51 .^a

17.6^a

–

–

–

35

Limosa lapponica taymyrensis ²⁵⁰, early/mid stopover refueling

–

~51

~17.6^a

–

–

–

~34^a

Limosa lapponica taymyrensis ²⁵⁰, predeparture

–

~54

~21.^a

–

–

–

~38^a

Order Columbiformes (Pigeons and Doves)

Family Columbidae (pigeons)

Genus Treron (green pigeons)

Treron bicincta bicincta ¹¹¹ ♂, orange-breasted green pigeon, adult, wild, n=15

3.18*

31.4*

16.0*

13.2 X 8.0

99

50

51

Treron bicincta bicincta ¹¹¹ ♀, adult, wild, n=15

2.97*

28.4*

14.2*

13.2 X 8.2

95

48

50

486 Order Columbiformes (Pigeons and Doves)

Family Columbidae (pigeons)

Genus Columba (pigeons)

Columba livia ⁶², rock dove/pigeon, domestic pigeon, n=6♂, 4♀

3.18

46.8

12.6

11.9 X 6.4

147

40

27

Columba livia ^{71, 123}, adult, captive n=9

3.74

50.2

16.5

13.2 X 7.0

136

44

33

Columba livia ⁷³ ♂, urban, domestic, n=25

–

49.9

–

–

–

–

–

Columba livia ⁷³ ♀, urban, domestic n=22

–

52.5

–

–

–

–

–

Columba livia ²⁷⁸, feral, winter 2/8–2/10, n=30

3.90^a

55.2^a

16.3^a

12.0 X 6.8

142

42

30

Columba livia ²⁷⁸, feral, spring 4/26–4/29, n=30

3.90

53.7

15.9

12.0 X 6.8

138

41

30

Columba livia ²⁷⁸, feral, summer 8/17-8-24, n=29

3.40^a

51.5^a

14.7^a

12.1 X 6.9^b

151

43

29

Columba livia ²⁷⁸, feral, spring 4/26–4/29, n=30

3.60

54.8

15.6

12.0 X 6.8

152

43

28

Columba livia ¹⁴², Washington, DC, cell vs nuc dimensions

–

–

–

14.2 X 7.0

6.5 X 2.0^a

–

–

Columba livia ¹⁴², India, cellular vs nuclear dimensions

–

–

–

12.2 X 7.2

5.3 X 2.1^a

–

–

Columba livia ¹⁴², South Africa, cell vs nuc. dimensions

–

–

–

13.4 X 7.3

6.1 X 2.1^a

–

–

Columba livia ¹⁴², Venezuela, cell vs nuc. dimensions

–

–

–

12.4 X 6.9

5.3 X 2.0^a

–

–

Columba livia ⁹¹, urban pigeon, n=48

4.07

52.1

13.8

–

128

34

27

Columba livia ¹²⁷, urban pigeon, mature, n=17

4.71

52.7

19.0

–

117

42

36

Columba livia ¹⁹⁶ ♂, in Zagreb, Croatia feral, adult, n=104

3.07

47.4

11.8

–

157*

36

25

Columba livia ¹⁹⁶ ♀, in Zagreb, Croatia feral, adult, n=75

2.69

51.1

12.3

–

193*

45

24

Columba livia ¹⁹⁶ ♂ & ♀, Zagreb, Croatia feral, young, n=179

1.78^a

28.5^a

5.9^a

–

167

34^a

21

Columba livia ¹⁹⁶ ♂ & ♀, Zagreb, Croatia feral, adult, n=53

2.95^a

48.6^a

11.8^a

–

171

49^a

24

Columba livia ¹⁹⁶ ♂ & ♀, Zagreb, racing, captive adult, n=57

2.78

46.2

12.1

–

169

46

26

487 Columba livia ¹⁸⁰ ♂ mature, n=112

–

58.5*

–

–

–

–

–

Columba livia ¹⁸⁰ ♀, mature, n=100

–

56.4*

–

–

–

–

–

Columba livia²³⁶ ♂, adult, in Nigeria, n=8

2.91

44.0

16.0

–

154

52

35

Columba livia ²³⁶ ♀, adult, in Nigeria, n=6

2.63

41.3

15.8

–

160

61

38

Columba livia ¹²² ♂, blue rock pigeon, n=15–20 ♂, rbc nuclear 1 x w

2.64*

50.6*

16.9*

12.2* X 6.6

6.8* X 3.3

181*

68*

33

Columba livia ¹²² ♀, n=15–25 ♀, rbc nuclear 1 x w

2.28*

44.4*

13.2*

11.1* X 6.6

5.2* X 3 3

221*

54*

30

Columba livia ¹⁸⁵ ♂, mature, racing pigeons, n=10

3.11

44.8^b

14.9^a

14.0 X 8.1

144

48

33

Columba livia ²⁸¹, blue rock pigeons, adult, control, n=5

2.66

35.2

14.1

–

132

53

40

Columba livia ²⁸¹, fenitrothion, 2x/wk per 1wk, n=5

2.25^a

30.0^a

12.0^a

–

133

53

40

Columba livia ²⁸¹, fenitrothion, 2x/wk per 2wk, n=5

1.72^a

28.0^a

10.0^a

–

163^a

58

36

Columba livia ²⁸¹, fenitrothion, 2x/wk per 4wk, n=5

1.35^a

24.6^a

8.4^a

–

182^a

62^a

34^a

Columba livia ²⁸¹, fenitrothion, 2x/wk per 6wk, n=5

1.20^a

22.8^a

77 ^a

–

190^a

64^a

34^a

Columba livia ¹²⁴, white carneau strain, 6 wk, control, n≥17

3.86^x

48.0

14.7

–

124

38

31

Columba livia ¹²⁴, 5mg p’hydrazine x4days, n≥17

2.52^a

31.0

9.2

–

123

37

30

Columba livia ¹²⁴, 5mg p’hydrazine x7days, n≥12

1.95^ab

29.0

7.2

–

149

37

25

Columba livia ¹²⁴, 5mg p’hydrazine x21days, n≥6

2.57^a

35.0

8.3

–

136

32

24

Columba livia ¹²⁴, 5mg p’hydrazine x28days, n≥5

2.94^ab

38.0

9.6

–

129

33

25

White carneau pigeon²¹⁵ ♂, (C.livia, 6-months-old, n=74–119

3.09

48.6

13.5

–

157

44

28

Columba guinea ⁶², rock or speckled pigeon, n=2♂, 2♀

3.95

49.9

19.5

12.5 X 7.6

125

49

39

Pigeon¹⁸² ♂, adult, n=176–281

3.23

–

16.0

–

–

49

–

Pigeon¹⁸² ♀, adult, n=168–270

3.10

–

14.7

–

–

48

–

Ring dove¹⁸² ♂, adult, n=259–475

3.05

–

14.6

–

–

48

–

Ring dove¹⁸² ♀, adult, n=206–429

2.99

–

14.0

–

–

47

–

488 Order Columbiformes (Pigeons and Doves)

Family Columbidae (pigeons)

Zenaida macroura ¹³³, mourning dove, brachial vein, n=35

–

44.6*

–

–

–

–

–

Zenaida macroura ¹³³, trunk blood, n=35

–

47.6*

–

–

–

–

–

Genus Streptopelia (turtle doves)

Streptopelia senegalensis ⁶², laughing dove, n=2♂, 2♀

2.34

37.9

13.8

12.5 X 6.3

162

59

36

Streptopelia senegalensis ²⁰³ ♂, in Nigeria, adult, captive, n=14

2.78

43.6

14.9

–

160

55

35

Streptopelia senegalensis ²⁰³ ♀, in Nigeria, adult, captive, n=7

2.97

44.6

15.8

–

150

53

36

Streptopelia capicola ¹⁴², ring-necked dove, cell vs nuc. dimen.

–

–

–

14.3 X 7.1

6.0 X 2.1^a

–

–

Turtur tympanistria ⁶², tambourine dove, n=3♂, 2♀

3.29

35.6

14.6

12.5 X –

108

44

41

Caloenas nicobarica ⁵⁴, nicobar pigeon, adult, captive, n=16

3.40

50.7

17.0

13.9 X 7.3

150

50

34

Caloenas nicobarica ¹⁵⁹, n=30–112

3.51

50.2

16.3

–

145

50

33

Otidiphaps nobilis ⁵⁴, pheasant or magnificent ground pigeon, adult, captive, n=3

2.60

41.7

13.9

13.5 X 7.6

159

53

34

Ptilinopus porphyreus ¹⁵⁹, Temminck’s fruit pigeon, n=2–28

2.54

46.8

13.8

–

141

–

30

Genus Goura (blue crowned pigeons)

Goura cristata ⁵⁴, common or blue crowned pigeon, adult, captive, n=9

2.23

34.3

10.8

14.1 X 6.1

159

51

32

Goura victoria ⁵⁴, victoria crowned pigeon adult, captive, n=6

2.31

37.6

12.3

13.7 X 8.2

167

55

33

489 Order Psittaciformes (Parrots)

Family Psittacidae

Psittacines³²⁵, mixture, >6 months old adult, healthy, n=44

3.58

–

–

–

–

–

–

Probosciger aterrimus ¹⁰¹, palm cockatoo, captive, n=12

2.62

44.0

14.6

14.5 X 7.9

174

57

33

Cacatua alba ⁵⁹, umbrella, white, cockatoo, 30 d, captive, n=22

1.98

29.5

7.9

–

151

35

22

Cacatua alba ⁵⁹, white-crested cockatoo, 60 d, captive, n=43

2.69

41.6

12.3

–

158

47

30

Cacatua alba ⁵⁹, 90 days, captive, n=16

2.75

46.9

14.0

–

175

52

30

Cacatua alba ⁵⁹, 180 days, captive, n=30

3.23

47.0

14.3

–

147

45

30

Cacatua alba ¹⁰¹, captive, n=5

2.98

44.8

15.7

13.8 X 7.5

151

52

34

Cacatua, alba¹⁴⁹, captive, healthy, n=28–39

2.91

46.1

–

–

158

–

–

Cacatua alba ¹⁵³, n=951

–

44.8

–

–

–

–

–

Cacatua sanguinea ¹⁴⁵, bare-eyed or blood-stained cockatoo, little corella, captive, n=11

2.90

53.0

17.0

–

188

61

32

Cacatua sanguinea ¹⁴⁹, captive, healthy, n=2–3

2.95

51.7

–

–

175

–

–

Cacatua sanguinea ¹⁵³, n=30

–

48.3

–

–

–

–

–

Cacatua galerita ¹⁴⁵, greater sulphur-crested cockatoo, captive, n=10–15

2.70

45.0

15.7

–

165

58

35

Cacatua galerita ¹⁴⁹, greater sulphur-crested cockatoo, captive, n=43 rbc, 75 hct

2.74

46.0

–

–

166

–

–

Cacatua sulphurea ¹⁵³, n=17

–

49.3

–

–

–

–

–

Cacatua, sulphurea citrinocristata ¹⁴⁹, citron-crested cockatoo, captive, healthy, n=6–9

2.75

46.1

–

–

168

–

–

Cacatua, haematuropygia¹⁴⁹, red-vented cockatoo, captive, heathy, n=9 rbc, 19 hct

3.00

43.7

–

–

146

–

–

490 Order Psittaciformes (Parrots)

Family Psittacidae

Cacatua, moluccensis¹⁴⁹, moluccan cockatoo or salmon-crested-cockatoo, captive, heathy, n=36–53

2.66

43.6

–

–

164

–

–

Cacatua moluccensis ¹⁵³, n=772

–

45 3

–

–

–

–

–

Cacatua goffini ¹⁰¹, Goffin’s cockatoo, captive, n=5

2.77

40.9

14.5

13.7 X 7.6

150

52

35

Cacatua goffini ¹⁴⁹, captive, healthy, n=3–5

3.17

40.0

–

–

126

–

–

Cacatua goffini ¹⁵³, n=298

–

47.3

–

–

–

–

–

Cockatoo⁵⁹ species aggregate, 30 days, captive, n=58

1.96^a

30.1^a

8.1^a

–

155^a

39^a

25^a

Cockatoo⁵⁹ species aggregate, 60 days, captive, n=44

2.70^b

44.6^b

12.8^b

–

167^b

48^b

29^b

Cockatoo⁵⁹ species aggregate, 90 days, captive, n=29

2.84^b

47.6^c

14.0^c

–

172^b

49^b

Cockatoo⁵⁹ species aggregate, 180 days, captive, n=21

3.38^c

47.2^bc

14.2^c

–

141^c

43^a

30^c

Eolophus roseicapilla(us) ¹⁴⁵, roseate or rose-breasted cockatoo, galah, captive, n=24–31

3.60

54.0

16.7

–

149

46

31

Eolophus roseicapilla(us) ¹⁴⁹, captive, healthy, n=7–8

3.33

51.9

–

–

156

–

–

Eolophus roseicapilla(us) ¹⁵³, n=92

–

48.8

–

–

–

–

–

Calyptorhynchus funereus ¹⁰¹, black cockatoo, captive, n=6

2.60

43.0

14.5

14.6 X 7.7

166

56

34

Cockatoo¹⁵³, (nonspecific), captive

2.84

47.1

13.6

–

166

48

29

Eos bornea ¹⁰¹, red lorry, Eos rubra, captive, n=18

3.17

48.8

16.0

14.1 X 7.7

156

52

33

Eos Genus members¹⁷⁴, n=34 of which 19 are Eos histrio, red and blue lory,

–

42.9

–

–

–

–

–

491 Melopsittacus undulatus⁹⁹, budgerigar, n=4rbc, 89Hct

4.13

50.0

–

–

120

–

–

Melopsittacus undulatus ¹¹³, parakeet, <1yr, captive, n=13

5.13

43.0^a

16.3

–

84^a

32

39^b

Melopsittacus undulatus ¹¹³, budgie, 1–2 yr, captive, n=45

4.98

46.0

16.5

–

93

33

36

Melopsittacus undulatus ¹¹³, 2–3yr, captive, n=38

5.06

45.0

16.6

–

88

33

38

Melopsittacus undulatus ¹¹³, 3–4yr, captive, n=35

5.08

45.0

16.6

–

88

33

37

Melopsittacus undulatus ¹¹³, 4–5yr, captive, n=12

5.09

50.0

15.9

–

98

31

32

Melopsittacus undulatus ¹¹³, 5–6yr, captive, n=11

4.80

52.0

16.1

–

109

34

31

Budgerigar¹⁵³, Melopsittacus sp., captive

4.32

51.5

14.7

–

122

26

22

Budgerigar²⁸⁰, parakeet, age 8–28wk, n=34–37

5.66

51.0

15.2

–

90

27

30

Budgerigar²⁸⁰, age 49 wk, n=15–16

5.48

51.0

15.5

–

93

29

31

Budgerigar³⁴⁰ ♂, captive, age 10–12 mo, n=17

5.24

53.5

18.3

–

103

35

34

Budgerigar³⁴⁰ ♀, captive, age 10–12 mo, n=23

4.94

51.5

17.3

–

105

35

34

Nymphicus hollandicus ¹⁵³, cockatiel, captive

3.93

52.6

12.2

–

136

31

23

Neophema chry so gastet ⁸, orange-bellied parrot (Australian), adult and juvenile, captive-bred, n=12

3.40

54.0

15.3

–

138

45

28

Psittacula krameri borealis ¹¹¹ ♂, Neumann’s ring-necked parakeet, adult, wild, n=15

3.51*

32.2*

15.4*

13.0 X 7.9

92

44

48

Psittacula krameri borealis ¹¹¹ ♀, adult, wild, n=15

3.38*

30.2*

14.0*

13.4 X 7.9

89

41

46

Psittacula krameri ²²⁰ ♂, rose-ringed parakeet, adult, n=10

4.90

47.1

16.3

–

96

33

35

Psittacula krameri ²²⁰ ♀, ringnecked parakeet, adult, n=6

4.33

50.2

16.9

–

116

39

34

Psittacus erithacus ⁷⁶, African grey parrot, adult, n=11

3.30

48.0

15.5

13.2 X 7.1

145

47

33

Psittacus erithacus ¹⁰¹, “African grey”, captive, n=15

3.47

46.4

15.4

13.9 X 7.3

135

44

32

Psittacus erithacus ¹⁵³, captive

3.27

49.0

13.8

–

150

41

28

Psittacus erithacus ¹⁵³, n=5571

–

48.2

–

–

–

–

–

492 Order Psittaciformes (Parrots)

Family Psittacidae

Genus Amazona (blunt-tailed parrots)

Amazona aestiva ⁶⁰, blue-fronted amazon/parrot, 4–10 days, n=7

1.90

46.0

7.5

–

241

40

17

Amazona aestiva ⁶⁰, 15–22 days old, n=10

2.83

44.0

11.1

–

158

40

25

Amazona aestiva ⁶⁰, 39–43 days old, n=3

3.60

44.0

13.6

–

122

39

31

Amazona aestiva aestiva ⁶⁴, n=27 rbc, 71 Hct

3.19

48.5

–

–

152

–

–

Amazona aestiva ¹⁰¹, blue-fronted amazon, captive, n=7

2.92

50.6

17.3

13.5 X 8.1

180

62

34

Amazona aestiva ¹⁵³, n=828

–

47.7

–

–

–

–

–

Amazona albifrons albifrons ⁶⁴, spectacled or white-fronted amazon, n=5 rbc, 28 Hct

2.86

49.6

–

–

174

–

–

Amazona amazonica amazonica ⁶⁴, orange-winged amazon, n=6 rbc, 24 Hct

3.65

49.5

–

–

136

–

–

Amazona a. amazonica ⁸⁹ ♂, adult, 4–6 yr, n=10

3.07*

47.9

13.4

–

158*

45*

29

Amazona a. amazonica ⁸⁹ ♀, adult, 4–6 yr, n=10

3.61*

47.9

14.1

–

135*

39*

29

Amazona amazonica ¹⁰¹, captive, n=5

3.08

48.4

16.3

14.0 X 7.4

158

53

34

Amazona amazonica ¹⁵³, n=240

–

47.1

–

–

–

–

–

Amazona autumnalis autumnalis ⁶⁴, red-lored or yellow-cheeked amazon, n=24–34

3.03

50.7

–

–

167

–

–

Amazona autumnalis ¹⁵³, n=299

–

48.1

–

–

–

–

–

Amazona farinosa farinosa ⁶⁴, & Amazona farinosa guatemale ⁶⁴ mealy & Guatemalan mealy/blue-crowned amazons, n=12–25

3.13

50.6

–

–

162

–

–

493 Amazona farinosa ¹⁵³, mealy amazon parrot, n=54

–

49.7

–

–

–

–

–

Amazona finschi woodi ⁶⁴, Finsch’s or lilac crowned amazon, n=34–76

3.09

48.3

–

–

156

–

–

Amazona finschi ¹⁵³, n=57

–

47.2

–

–

–

–

–

Amazona ochrocephala ¹⁰¹, yellow amazon, captive, n=8

2.93

46.5

15.3

13.8 X 7.6

159

52

33

Amazona ochrocephala ¹⁵³, yellow crowned/fronted amazon n=36

–

47.8

–

–

–

–

–

Amazona ochrocephala auropalliata ⁶⁴, yellow-naped amazon, n=61–96

2.76

47.3

–

–

171

–

–

Amazona ochrocephala auropallliata ¹⁵³, n=1074

–

48.4

–

–

–

–

–

Amazona ochrocephala oratrix ⁶⁴, & Amazona o. tresmariae ⁶⁴, Mex. double yellow-headed & Tres marias amazons, n=58–108

3.47

49.0

–

–

141

–

–

Amazona viridigenalis ⁶⁴, green-cheek or Mexican red-headed amazon, n=27–69

3.26

49.1

–

–

151

–

–

Amazona virdigenalis ¹⁵³, n=206

–

46.5

–

–

–

–

–

Amazona leucocephala leucocephala ⁹⁰, Cuban parrot, amazon parrot, n=21

3.10

56.0

22.0

–

183

72

40

Amazona leucocephala ¹⁰¹, captive, n=7

3.30

49.6

16.7

14.3 X 7.9

150

51

34

Amazona festiva ¹⁰¹, festive amazon, captive, n=6

3.47

50.4

16.7

13.1 X 7.6

146

48

33

Amazona vinacea ¹⁰¹, vinaceous amazon, captive, n=5

3.12

49.4

16.5

14.0 X 7.2

159

53

34

Amazona species¹⁴⁵, amazon green parrot, captive, n=15

2.90

51.0

15.5

–

173

53

32

Amazon parrot¹⁵³, (nonspecific), Amazona spp., captive

2.82

47.8

14.5

–

168

52

31

Aratinga guarouba ¹⁰¹, golden conure/parakeet, captive, n=7

3.85

52.3

18.8

13.9 X 7.1

136

49

36

Conure¹⁵³, (nonspecific) Aratinga & Pyrrhura spp., captive

3.61

52.1

13.1

–

146

36

24

494 Order Psittaciformes (Parrots)

Family Psittacidae

Cyanoliseus patagonus ¹⁰¹, Patagonian conure, burrowing parrot, captive, n=6

3.54

47.6

15.0

13.1 X 6.5

135

43

32

Cyanoliseus patagonus ¹⁵³, n=57

–

48.4

–

–

–

–

–

Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha ¹³, thick-billed parrot, 0.5–17yr, n=16

2.89

49.0

14.5

–

170

50

29

Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha ¹⁵³, n=10

–

39.3

–

–

–

–

–

Eclectus roratus vosmaeri and E. roratus polychloros ⁵⁸, northern and red-sided eclectus parrots 30 days, captive, n=40

1.95^a

33.7^a

8.8^a

–

174^a

44

26^a

Eclectus roratus vosmaeri and E. r. polychloros ⁵⁸, 60 days, n=40

2.74^b

44.5^b

12.8^b

–

165^a

46

28^b

Eclectus roratus vosmaeri and E. r. polychloros ⁵⁸, 90 days, n=17

3.22^c

53.8^c

15.4^c

–

169^a

49

Eclectus roratus vosmaeri and E. r. polychloros ⁵⁸ 180 days, n=3

3.38^c

48.6^d

14.9^d

–

145^b

42

29^e

Eclectus parrots¹⁵³, (nonspecific), Eclectus spp., captive

2.93

49.4

14.4

–

167

48

29

Nestor notabilis ¹⁴⁵, kea, captive, n=8

2.60

40.0

13.4

–

154

51

33

Myiopsitta monachus ⁷, monk, quaker or green parakeet, captive, n=6

3.35

50.0

14.7

–

150

44

30

Myopsitta monachus ¹⁵³, n=210

–

49.7

–

–

–

–

–

Genus Ara (macaws)

Ara ararauna ¹⁵, blue and gold/yellow macaw, captive, n=12

3.26

45.5

14.1

–

160

45

32

Ara ararauna ¹⁰¹, captive, n=35

3.24

44.6

14.4

11.0 X 7.2

141

46

33

Ara ararauna ⁵⁷, 30 days, juvenile, captive, n=16

1.90^a

30.0^a

7.9^a

–

163^a

43

26^a

495 Ara ararauna ⁵⁷, 60 days, juvenile, captive, n=17

2.80^b

40.0^b

11.0^b

–

144^b

40

28^b

Ara ararauna ⁵⁷, 90 days, juvenile, captive, n=10

3.50^c

48.0^c

15.0^c

–

137^b

41

31^c

Ara ararauna ¹⁴⁵, captive, n=12–15

3.20

46.0

16.8

–

146

52

37

Ara auarauna ¹⁵³, n=1367

–

48.7

–

–

–

–

–

Ara ararauna x Ara chloroptera ⁶⁰, harlequin macaw, 6–10 d, n=3

1.81

44.0

6.9

–

265

38

16

Ara ararauna x Ara chloroptera ⁶⁰, 18–24 days old, captive, n=4

2.41

39.0

11.0

–

163

47

28

Ara ararauna x Ara chloroptera ⁶⁰, 41–44 days old, captive, n=5

3.08

42.0

13.3

–

139

43

31

Ara chloroptera ¹⁰¹, green-winged macaw, captive, n=18

3.20

46.1

13.6

12.7 X 7.8

145

42

30

Ara chloroptera ¹⁴⁵, captive, n=10–14

3.10

48.0

16.2

–

158

53

34

Ara chloroptera ¹⁵³, n=347

–

47.2

–

–

–

–

–

Ara rubrogenys ⁶⁷, red-fronted macaw, adult, captive, n=10

3.65

49.4

15.2

–

136

42

31

Ara rubrogenys ¹⁴⁵, captive, n=7

3.30

46.0

16.4

–

142

51

35

Ara macao ¹⁰¹, scarlet macaw, captive, n=14

3.07

47.4

16.4

13.9 X 8.1

152

52

34

Ara macao ¹⁴⁵, captive, n=7

3.00

48.0

17.3

–

160

58

36

Ara macao ¹⁵³, n=146

–

49.1

–

–

–

–

–

Ara macao ³¹⁵, young 25–89 days old, n=13

–

39.8^a

–

–

–

–

–

Ara macao ³¹⁵, subadult 360–420 days old, tame, free-flying, n=8

–

48.4^a

–

–

–

–

–

Ara militaris ¹⁰¹, military macaw, captive, n=21

3.44

47.1

15.6

13.5 X 7.2

137

45

34

Ara militaris ¹⁴⁵, captive, n=5

2.90

47.4

16.6

–

159

56

35

Ara militaris ¹⁵³, n=88

–

46.8

–

–

–

–

–

Ara severa ¹⁴⁵, severe or chestnut-fronted macaw captive, n=4

3.30

49.0

16.7

–

149

51

35

Ara severa ¹⁵³, n=104

–

49.1

–

–

–

–

–

496 Order Psittaciformes (Parrots)

Family Psittacidae

Ara auricollis ¹⁴⁵, yellow-collared or yellow-naped macaw, n=7

3.50

50.0

17.4

–

144

51

35

Ara auricollis ¹⁵³, n=70

–

50.9

–

–

–

–

–

Macaw¹⁵³, (nonspecific), Ara spp., captive

3.11

48.9

13.7

–

161

44

22

Ara 7 species aggregate⁵⁷, 30 days, juvenile, captive, n=32

1.90^a

30.9^a

7.7^a

–

166^a

42^a

25^a

Ara 7 species aggregate⁵⁷, 60 days, juvenile, captive, n=37

2.70^b

40.0^b

11.2^b

–

150^b

42^a

28^a

Ara 7 species aggregate⁵⁷, 90 days, juvenile, captive, n=30

3.70^c

49.5^c

15.4^c

–

137^c

43^a

31^b

Ara 7 species aggregate⁵⁷, 180 days, juvenile, captive, n=14

3.70^c

51.1^c

16.0^c

–

140^bc

44^a

31^b

Genus Anodorhynchus (bue macaws)

Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus ¹⁰¹, hyacinthine macaw, blue macaw, captive, n=16

3.19

46.9

15.8

14.0X7.4

149

50

34

Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus ¹⁵³, hyacinth/hyacinthine macaw, n=149

–

50.1

–

–

–

–

–

Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus ¹⁴⁵, n=6

3.20

48.0

16.2

–

150

50

34

Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus ¹⁷⁵, n=3♂, 4 ♀, adult, captive

–

55.0

–

–

–

–

–

Lory¹⁵³, (nonspecific), Lorius & Trichoglossus spp., captive

3.79

48.3

11.8

–

135

29

22

Agapornis fischeri ¹⁵⁰, fischer’s love bird

4.50

53.0

15.3

–

125

35

29

Lovebird¹⁵³, (nonspecific), Agapornis spp., captive

3.82

50.7

11.4

–

130

29

22

Poicephalus senegalus ¹⁵³, Senegal parrot, captive

3.69

52.2

13.4

–

145

37

25

Poicephalus senegalus ¹⁵³, n=244

–

50.6

–

–

–

–

–

497 Order Cuculiformes (Cucukoos, Roadrunners)

Geococcyx califormcmus ¹⁶², greater roadrunner, n=19–50

2.36

40.7

11.5

–

188

57

29

Guira guira ¹⁶², guira cuckoo, n=3

3.23

48.7

16.7

–

151

52

34

Order Strigiformes (Owls)

Family Tytonidae (barn owls)

Genus Tyto (barn owls)

Tyto alba ⁶², common barn owl, n=6♂, 4♀

2.06

35.1

11.9

15.0 X 7.5

170

58

34

Tyto alba ^94,145, barn owl, captive, n=10

2.70

46.0

14.2

14.1 X 7.8

176

51

32

Tyto alba ¹⁶³, source: ISIS

2.46

43.8

17.2

–

189

84

33

Tyto alba ¹⁸⁴, captive, n=10

2.94

45.9

–

–

153

–

–

Tyto alba³⁰⁴, captive, adult, n=4

–

40.0

–

–

–

–

–

Tyto alba ¹⁴⁸, captive East African birds, n=11

2.16

43.7

18.7

–

202

87

43

Tyto capensis ⁶², grass or cape grass owl, n=5♂, 5♀

2.17

39.6

12.7

12.6 X 7.6

183

59

31

Family Strigidae (typical owls)

Genus Bubo (eagle owls)

Bubo virginianus ²⁴, great horned owl, free-living, n=1

2.20

32.0

7.7

–

145

35

24

Bubo virginianus ¹⁶³

2.08

41.7

14.6

–

213

67

37

Bubo virginianus ¹⁵³, n=18

–

38.1

–

–

–

–

–

Bubo africanus ⁶², spotted eagle owl, n=4♂, 4♀

2.05

33.2

12.4

12.5 X 10.0

160

60

38

Bubo africanus ¹⁴⁵, African eagle owl, captive, n=6

2.40

45.0

15.8

–

189

66

35

Bubo bubo ¹⁴⁵, Eurasian eagle owl, captive, n=14

1.90

39.0

14.2

–

207

75

36

498 Order Strigiformes (Owls)

Family Strigidae (typical owls)

Bubo bubo ¹⁶³, source: ISIS

1.89

37.8

11.2

–

233

–

29

Bubo bubo ³⁰⁴, captive, adult, n=12

–

43.0

–

–

–

–

–

Pulsatrix perspicillata ¹⁴⁵, spectacled owl, captive, n=4

1.60

42.0

14.2

–

261

88

34

Pulsatrix perspicillata ¹⁶³

1.48

38.9

12.7

–

260

102

35

Strix aluco ¹⁴⁵, tawny owl, captive, n=14

2.50

40.0

14.6

–

158

57

36

Strix varia ¹⁶³, barred owl

2.79

40.3

11.9

–

169

42

30

Strix varia ¹⁸⁴, captive, n=3

2.87

39.7

–

–

139

–

–

Strix leptogrammica ¹⁸⁴, brown wood owl, captive, n=2

2.10

37.5

–

–

181

–

–

Ninox novaeseelandiae ¹⁴⁵, boobook owl, southern boobook, boobook hawk owl, captive, n=5

2.50

42.0

15.1

–

172

62

36

Athene cunicularia ¹¹⁶, burrowing owl, adult, wild, n=2♂, 2♀

2.72

36.6

12.0

–

138

46

33

Athene cunicularia ¹⁶³

2.23

45.1

15.9

–

200

71

30

Otus (Megascops) asio ¹⁶³, common screech owl

2.53

44.0

12.2

–

183

55

29

Otus (Megascops) asio ¹³⁶ ♀, eastern screech owl, control, n=4

–

46.0

15.0

–

–

–

33

Otus (Megascops) asio ¹³⁶ ♀, Pb x 111 days, n=6

–

37.5

9.8

–

–

–

26

Nyctea scandiaca ¹⁶³, snowy owl

2.69

43.2

12.6

–

161

46

28

Nyctea scandiaca ¹⁸⁴, captive, n=2

2.80

38.3

–

–

137

–

–

Asio flammeus ¹⁶³, short-eared owl

2.70

42.2

12.0

–

151

45

30

499 Order Caprimulgiformes (Goatsuckers)

Family Podargidae (podargues, frogmouths)

Genus Podargus (podargues proper)

Podargus strigoides ⁵⁰, tawny frogmouth, captive, n=7–13

2.26

41.0

–

11–15 X 6–8.5

181

–

–

Order Apodiformes` (Swifts, Hummingbirds)

Family Apodidae (swifts, hummingbirds)

Apus apus ¹¹⁴ ♂, common swift, wild, n=12

4.25

50.4

17.8

13.6 X 6.9

116

41

33

Apus apus ¹¹⁴ ♀, wild, n=8

4.90

49.5

17.6

13.6 X 6.9

102

35

35

Apus melba ¹¹⁴ ♂, alpine swift, wild, n=5

4.00

50.9

18.5

13.8 X 6.9

129

48

36

Apus melba ¹¹⁴ ♀, wild, n=5

4.03

51.2

18.8

13.8 X 7.0

121

46

37

Apus pallidus ¹¹⁴, pallid swift, wild, n=1♂ and 1♀

5.27

54.5

18.3

13.8 X 6.9

104

35

34

Family Trochilidae (hummingbirds)

Oreotrochilus estella estella ⁷² ♂, Andean hillstar, n=5

–

54.7

–

–

–

–

–

Oreotrochilus estella estella ⁷² ♀, n=9

–

55.1

–

–

–

–

–

Selasphorus platycercus and S. rufus ¹¹⁵♀, broad-tailed and rufous hummingbirds, wild, high alt, n=2

5.19

61.1

17.7

–

118

31

29

Calypte anna ¹¹⁵, Anna’s hummingbird, wild, low alt, n=1

6.07

55.3

18.2

–

91

30

33

Archilochus colubris ²⁰⁸, ruby-throated hummingbird, wild, n=1

–

–

–

10.8 X 5.8

–

–

–

Order Colliformes (Mousebirds)

Family Coliidae (mousebirds)

Urocolius macrourus ¹⁶⁸, blue-naped mousebird

5.38

54.5

18.8

–

–

–

–

Urocolius macrourus ¹⁶⁸, Disney data

3.67

51.8

–

–

141

–

–

500 Order Colliformes (Mousebirds)

Family Coliidae (mousebirds)

Colius striatus ¹⁶⁸, speckled mousebird

2.37

42.4

13.2

–

–

–

–

Colius colius ¹⁶⁸, white-backed mousebird

3.15

40.1

–

–

–

–

–

Order Trogonif ormes (Trogons)

Family Trogonidae (trogons)

Pharomachrus auriceps ¹⁶⁴, golden-headed quetzal, n=6

3.53

52.3

17.1

–

153

49

32

Pharomachrus antisanus ¹⁶⁴, crested quetzal, n=1

1.41

40.0

12.9

–

285

92

32

Trogon viridis ¹⁶⁴, white-tailed trogon, n=2

2.49

47.5

–

–

193

–

–

Order Coraciiformes (roller-like birds, kingfishers)

Family Alcedinidae (kingfishers)

Ispidina picta ¹³⁹, natal or pigmy kingfisher, control, n=5

–

–

–

13.6 X 7.2

–

–

–

Ispidina picta ¹³⁹, parasitized, Haemoproteus enucleator, n=5

–

–

–

16.4 X 7.4

–

–

–

Todiramphus (Halcyon) cinnamominus¹⁶⁵, M’nesian kingfisher

3.34

47.0

16.1

–

147

48

33

Family Momotidae (motmots)

Momotus momota ¹⁶⁵, blue-crowned or blue-diademed motmot

4.05

40.7

12.7

–

130

34

33

Family Coraciidae

Coracias caudata ¹⁶⁵, lilac-breasted roller

3.42

47.4

14.7

–

132

46

34

501 Family Upupidae (hoopoes)

Upupa epops ¹⁶⁵, common or Eurasian hoopoe

3.70

46.6

16.2

–

131

–

33

Family Phoeniculidae

Phoeniculus purpureus ¹⁶⁵, green wood hoopoe

4.13

54.2

16.5

–

155

–

33

Order Bucerotiformes (hornbills)

Family Family Bucerotidae (hornbills)

Buceros bicornis ¹⁶⁵, great Indian hornbill,

2.53

46.7

16.1

–

194

62

34

Bucorvus abyssinicus ¹⁶⁵, Abyssinian ground hornbill

2.42

45.9

13.8

–

199

63

31

Aceros ³⁰³, genus members, adult captive, n=29

–

46.5

–

–

–

–

–

Ceratogymna ³⁰³, genus members, adult captive, n=12

–

44.7

–

–

–

–

–

Anthracoceros ³⁰³, genus members, adult captive, n=6

–

46.0

–

–

–

–

–

Order Piciformes

Family Ramphastidae (toucans)

Ramphastos toco ¹⁶⁶, toco toucan, giant toucan, n=7

2.49

46.0

16.4

196

65

35

Ramphastos dicolorus ¹⁶⁶, red-breasted toucan, n=6

2.04

43.5

15.5

193

76

36

Family Picidae (woodpeckers)

Colaptes rupicola puna ⁷², Andean flicker, adv nestlings, n=2

–

39.0

–

–

–

–

–

Sphyrapicus varius ²⁰⁸ ♂, yellow-bellied sapsucker, adult, n=3

3.95

48.5

–

–

–

–

–

Sphyrapicus varius ²⁰⁸ ♀, adult, wild, n=2rbc, 3Hct

3.59

46.4

–

–

129

–

–

502 Order Passeriformes (Passerine Birds, Perching birds)

Family Hirundinidae (swallows)

Delichon urbicum ²⁶⁰, house martin, wild, nestling, 1 day, n=3

0.80

19.7

4.5

13.2 X 8.5

255

59

23

Delichon urbicum ²⁶⁰, wild, nestling, 2 days old, n=5

1.10

19.6

4.6

12.0 X 7.8

200

48

28

Delichon urbicum ²⁶⁰, wild, nestling, 3 days old, n=4

1.20

21.3

3.2

12.9 X 8.3

186

28

15

Delichon urbicum ²⁶⁰, wild, nestling, 4 days old, n=7

1.40

32.4

5.9

12.6 X 8.2

235

42

18

Delichon urbicum ²⁶⁰, wild, nestling, 5 days old, n=7

1.80

38.9

7.1

12.4 X 8.2

220

40

22

Delichon urbicum ²⁶⁰, wild, nestling, 6 days old, n=3

1.60

38.3

7.0

12.1 X 7.8

241

44

18

Delichon urbicum ²⁶⁰, wild, nestling, 7 days old, n=2

1.90

49.0

7.9

12.0 X 7.3

269

43

16

Delichon urbicum ²⁶⁰, wild, nestling, 8 days old, n=3

1.70

37.3

7.2

12.0 X 7.3

218

42

19

Delichon urbicum ²⁶⁰, wild, nestling, 9 days old, n=3

1.90

44.3

7.0

12.3 X 7.9

261

42

16

Delichon urbicum ²⁶⁰, wild, nestling, 10 days old, n=2

1.70

40.5

7.8

12.2 X 7.3

257

48

19

Delichon urbicum ²⁶⁰, wild, nestling, 11 days old, n=3

1.70

42.3

8.0

12.4 X 7.6

227

43

19

Delichon urbicum ²⁶⁰, wild, nestling, 13 days old, n=2

1.50

36.5

8.0

11.5 X 7.6

247

54

22

Delichon urbicum ²⁶⁰, wild, nestling, 14 days old, n=2

1.90

37.0

7.2

12.9 X 8.3

202

40

25

Delichon urbicum ²⁶⁰, wild, nestling, 15 days old, n=4

1.90

47.5

8.1

12.3 X 8.4

252

43

17

Delichon urbicum ²⁶⁰, wild, nestling, 16 days old, n=3

1.80

51.3

8.5

12.0 X 8.0

297

50

17

Delichon urbicum ²⁶⁰, wild, nestling, 17 days old, n=5

2.30

47.6

10.3

11.8 X 7.4

211

45

22

Delichon urbicum ²⁶⁰, wild, nestling, 18 days old, n=1

1.80

47.0

7.6

11.8 X 7.8

260

42

16

Delichon urbicum ²⁶⁰, wild, nestling, 19 days old, n=4

3.00

47.5

11.5

11.2 X 6.9

161

39

25

Delichon urbicum ²⁶⁰, wild, nestling, 20 days old, n=4

3.10

47.0

12.8

11.1 X 6.9

151

41

27

Hirundo neoxena ³²², welcome swallow, hatchling

–

18.5

–

–

228

–

–

Hirundo neoxena ³²², welcome swallow, fledgling

2.23

42.0

12.5

–

160

56

30

Hirundo neoxena ³²², welcome swallow, adult, n=14–19

3.48

53.0

18.4

–

140

53

35

503 Petrochelidon ariel ³²², syn Hirundo ariel, fairy martin, hatchling

–

26.0

–

–

210

–

–

Petrochelidon ariel ³²², fairy martin, fledgling

2.15

42.0

11.5

–

145

48

27

Petrochelidon ariel ³²², fairy martin, adult, n=16–20

3.06

47.0

14.7

–

162

50

31

Family Irenidae (leafbirds)

Irena puella ¹⁶⁷, fairy bluebird, blue-backed fairy bluebird

4.44

50.0

16.9

–

118

46

33

Family Alaudidae (larks)

Eremophila alpestris ¹²⁰, horned lark, adult, 750 mm Hg, 25 °C, 1 mo, n=11

–

44.6*

10.5*

–

–

–

24

Eremophila alpestris ¹²⁰, adult, 380 mm Hg, 25 °C, 1 mo, n=7

–

59.6*

18.1*

–

–

–

30

Eremophila alpestris ¹²⁰, adult, 380 mm Hg, 25 °C, 1 mo, n=11

–

44.6

10.5*

–

–

–

24

Eremophila alpestris ¹²⁰, adult, 380 mm Hg, 10 °C, 1 mo, n=7

–

43.1

13.1*

–

–

–

30

Family Prunellidae (accentors)

Prunella modularise ^{68, 121}, hedge sparrow, dunnock, wild, n=3

5.52

47.0

15.5

11.8 X 6.4

86

28

33

Prunella modularis ²⁷⁷, wild, caught in fall migration, n=9

5.20

55.0

18.0

11.9 X 6.8

106

35

33

Family Sylvidae

Sylvia atricapilla ⁶⁸, blackcap, blackcap warbler, wild, n=8

4.73

44.0

16.5

–

94

34

37

Sylvia atricapilla ²⁷⁷, wild, caught in fall migration, n=6

4.10

48.0

16.0

11.5 X 6.8

116

39

33

Family Muscicapidae (old world flycatchers)

Erithacus rubecula ⁶⁸, European robin, wild, n=5

4.32

45.0

14.6

12.8 X 6.3

105

37

34

Erithacus rubecula ²⁷⁷, wild, caught in fall migration, n=21

4.10

52.0

20.5

12.5 X 7.0

130

51

40

504 Order Passeriformes (Passerine Birds, Perching birds)

Family Pycnonotidae (bulbuls)

Pycnonotus barbatus ⁶², African, white-vented or black-eyed bulbul, n=4°

2.99

45.0

14.3

12.5 X 6.9

150

48

32

Family Turdidae

Turdus merula ^68,121, Eurasian blackbird, wild, n=3

5.28

45.0

15.9

12.5 X 6.3

86

31

36

Turdus merula ²⁷⁷, wild, in fall migration, n= 9

3.50

49.0

16.5

12.2 X 7.0

145

47

34

Turdus migratorius ¹¹⁵ ♂, amer robin, adult, high alt, CO, n=8

3.68

54.5^ab

17.8^a

–

148

49^a

33

Turdus migratorius ¹¹⁵ ♀, adult, high alt, CO, n=3

3.37

54.2^ab

16.9^a

–

161

50^a

31

Turdus migratorius ^{94 115} ♂ & ♀, wild, low alt, California, n=9

–

48.6^bc

17.0^c

11.1 X 6.1

–

–

35

Turdus migratorius ¹¹⁵ ♂, adult, wild, low alt, Mich, n=5

3.29

53.4^ac*

14.7^ac

–

162

45^a

28

Turdus migratorius ¹¹⁵ ♀, adult, wild, low alt, Mich, n=7

3.32

49.7^ac*

13.3^ac

–

150

40^a

27

Turdus migratorius ²⁰⁸, wild, n=3

–

–

–

10.8 X 5.5

–

–

–

Turdus philomelos ²⁷⁷, song thrush, throstle, wild, n=9

4.00

51.0

17.0

12.5 X 7.1

130

43

33

Catharus guttatus ¹¹⁵, hermit thrush, wild, low alt, n=3–5

3.54

51.7

15.2

–

146

45

29

Cathurus ustulatus ³⁴⁴, Swainson’s thrush, spr migration, n=207

–

48.0^a

–

–

–

–

–

Cathurus ustulatus ³⁴⁴, breeding, n=26

–

54.0^b

–

–

–

–

–

Cathurus ustulatus ³⁴⁴, fall migration, n=82

–

48.0^a

–

–

–

–

–

Cathurus fuscescens ³⁴⁴, veery spring migration, n=171

–

48.0^a

–

–

–

–

–

Cathurus fuscescens ³⁴⁴, breeding, n=18

–

53.0^b

–

–

–

–

–

505 Hylocichla mustelina ³⁴⁴, wood thrush, spring migration, n=221

–

47.0

–

–

–

–

–

Hylocichla mustelina ³⁴⁴, fall migration, n=88

–

48.0

–

–

–

–

–

Family Paridae (true tits)

Parus major ¹¹⁰, great tit, winter, Dec–Feb, wild, n=47–80

5.81

45.0

17.3

–

80

32

39

Parus major ¹¹⁷ ♂, adult, breeding season, wild, n=62

–

51.0*

–

–

–

–

–

Parus major ¹¹⁷ ♀, adult, breeding season, wild n=72

–

54.0*

–

–

–

–

–

Parus major ²⁷⁷, wild, in fall migration, n=25

4.50

48.0

20.4

11.5 X 6.4

111

47

43

Parus major ²⁶⁴, great tit, nestling, 1 day old, n=7

1.03

24.6

7.8

12.3 X 7.2

181

94

31

Parus major ²⁶⁴, nestling, 2 days old, n=6

1.17

23.8

6.2

13.3 X 7.7

216

56

27

Parus major ²⁶⁴, nestling, 3 days old, n=4

1.32

31.3

7.9

13.1 X 7.4

232

60

28

Parus major ²⁶⁴, nestling, 4 days old, n=3

3.00

29.6

7.1

12.4 X 7.1

165

46

24

Parus major ²⁶⁴, nestling, 5 days old, n=4

2.36

37.6

8.2

12.4 X 6.6

156

37

26

Parus major ²⁶⁴, nestling, 6 days old, n=3

–

32.8

10.3

11.8 X 6.7

–

–

31

Parus major ²⁶⁴, nestling, 7 days old, n=3

–

34.8

–

12.0 X 6.5

–

–

27

Parus major ²⁶⁴, nestling, 8 days old, n=3

2.04

41.5

11.3

11.9 X 6.9

164

36

27

Parus major ²⁶⁴, nestling, 9 days old, n=4

2.64

41.6

10.9

11.9 X 6.3

168

44

26

Parus major ²⁶⁴, nestling, 10 days old, n=3

2.45

43.0

10.7

11.6 X 6.4

183

47

25

Parus major ²⁶⁴, nestling, 11 days old, n=3

3.38

42.1

12.7

11.1 X 6.3

125

34

28

Parus major ²⁶⁴, nestling, 12 days old, n=4

3.13

42.5

12.6

11.3 X 6.5

149

43

30

Parus major ²⁶⁴, nestling, 13 days old, n=3

3.14

42.1

12.5

11.5 X 6.3

153

41

31

Parus major ²⁶⁴, nestling, 14 days old, n=4

2.72

40.8

12.5

11.3 X 5.9

156

48

31

Parus major ²⁶⁴, nestling, 15 days old, n=2

3.76

49.5

14.9

11.1 X 6.0

145

43

30

Parus major ²⁶⁴, nestling, 16 days old, n=3

2.98

47.2

14.2

11.4 X 6.1

166

50

30

Parus major ²⁷⁸, wild, winter 2/4–2/25, n=22

4.70^a

48.6^a

14.6^a

10.5 X 6.0

103

31

30

Parus major ²⁷⁸, wild, spring 5/8–5/20, n=17

3.80^a

41.7^a

11.9^a

10.9 X 6.0

110

31

29

506 Order Passeriformes (Passerine Birds, Perching birds)

Family Paridae (true tits)

Varus major ²⁷⁸, wild, summer 7/26–8/3, n=20

3.90

44.3

13.5

11.0 X 6.0

114

35

30

Varus major ²⁷⁸, wild, fall 10/19–11/8, n=22

4.50

47.1

13.8

10.8 X 5.9

105

31

29

Varus gambeli ¹¹⁵, mountain chickadee, wild, high alt, n=5

3.64

50.0

15.7

–

137

44

31

Varus atricapillus ¹¹⁵, black-capped c’adee, wild, low alt, n=5

3.29

48.1

12.6

–

146

39

26

Varus (Voecile) atricapillus ²⁰⁸, wild, adult, mixed sex, n=10

5.62

48.1

–

–

–

–

–

Varus caeruleus ²⁷⁷, blue tit, wild, in fall migration, n=10

5.20

50.5

18.7

10.8 X 6.0

99

36

37

Varus (Voecile) montanus ²⁷⁷, willow tit, wild, in fall, n=5

4.80

44.9

15.0

11.2 X 5.9

95

32

33

Family Meliphagidae (honey eaters)

Entomyzon cyanotis ¹⁶⁷, blue-faced honeyeater

4.21

48.3

12.9

–

117

41

26

Family Emberizidae (buntings, new world sparrows and related birds)

Genus Zonotrichia (crowned sparrow)

Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha ¹¹⁵ ♂, adult, wild, high alt, n=6

4.19

50.2

18.0

–

120

44

36

Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha ¹¹⁵ ♀, mountan white-crowned sparrow, adult, high alt, CO, n=4

4.44

49.5

17.2

–

111

40

35

Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii ¹¹⁵ ♀, Gambel’s white-crowned sparrow, adult, wild, low alt, n=4–5

4.72

51.0*

16.7

–

108

37

33

Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii ¹¹⁵ ♂, adult, wild, low alt, n=1–2

6.03

45.6*

16.5

–

76

27

36

Zonotrichia albicollis ¹¹⁵ ♂, wild, low alt, n=5

3.48

47.4

12.8

–

136

38

27

507 Zonotrichia albicollis ¹¹⁵ ♀, white-throated sparrow low alt, n=5

3.32

47.0

12.7

–

142

38

27

Zonotrichia albicolis ¹⁸⁶, n=28

5.27

–

–

–

–

–

–

Zonotrichia albicolis ²⁰⁸ ♂, wild, adult, n=9

–

48.3

–

–

–

–

–

Zonotrichia albicolis ²⁰⁸ ♀, wild, adult, n=1rbc,11Hct

3.76

44.6

–

–

–

–

–

Zonotrichia I. oriantha ¹¹⁵, high alt, CO, mixed sex & age, n=15

4.33^jk

49.6

17.7^k

–

115

42

36

Zonotrichia albicollis ^{94, 113} wild, low alt, MI, n=5 each ♂ & ♀

3.40^j

47.2

12.8^j

11.7 X 5.1

139

38

27

Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys ¹¹⁵, white-crowned sparrow, wild, low alt, MI, n=5

3.44^k

53.0

14.3^k

–

154

42

27

Zonotrichia capensis ²⁵, rufous-collared sparrow, n=5

–

–

–

11.4 X 6.1

–

–

–

Pipilo fuscus ¹¹⁵, brown towhee, wild, low alt, n=4

3.81

44.1

15.1

–

116

40

34

Junco caniceps ¹¹⁵ ♂, gray-headed junco, wild, high alt, n=5–6

4.31

52.5*

16.7

–

122

42

32

Junco caniceps ¹¹⁵ ♀, wild, high alt, adult, n=4

4.16

46.6*

16.4

–

112

40

35

Junco caniceps ¹¹⁵ ♂, wild, high alt, juvenile, n=7–8

4.37

49.4

16.7

–

113

40

34

Junco caniceps ¹¹⁵ ♀, wild, high alt, juvenile, n=3

3.66

48.7

16.0

–

133

44

33

Junco hyemalis ¹⁸⁶, dark-eyed junco, n=18

5.57

–

–

–

–

–

–

Genus Spizella (chipping sparrows)

Spizella passerina ¹¹⁵, chipping sparrow, wild, high alt, CO, n=5

4.82

54.5

19.1

–

113

40

35

Spizella passerina ¹¹⁵, wild, high alt, California, n=2

5.43

55.0

16.5

–

101

30

30

Spizella passerina ¹¹⁵, high alt, CA & CO combined, n=7

4.99ⁱ

54.6^h

18.3^hi

–

109

37

34

Spizella passerina ^{94, 115}, wild, low alt, Michigan, n=3–4

–

49.9^h

13.1^h

10.1 X 6.0

–

–

26

Spizella pusilla ^94.115, field sparrow, wild, low alt, MI, n=6–9

3.30ⁱ

51.0

16.1ⁱ

11.3 X 5.9

155

47

32

508 Order Passeriformes (Passerine Birds, Perching birds)

Family Emberizidae (buntings, new world sparrows and related birds)

Genus Melospiza (song sparrows)

Melospiza lincolnii ¹¹⁵ ♂, Lincoln sparrow, wild, high alt, CO, n=7

4.03

51.8

18.2^l

–

129

46

35

Melospiza lincolnii ¹¹⁵ ♀, wild, high alt, CO, n=3

4.55^m

51.1

17.6^m

–

112

40

34

Melospiza lincolnii ¹¹⁵ ♂, wild, low alt, MI, n=3

3.26

50.7

14.4^l

–

155

44

28

Melospiza lincolnii ¹¹⁵ ♀, wild, low alt, MI, n=7

3.28^m

50.4

13.2^m

–

154

40

26

Melospiza melodia ¹¹⁵ ♂, song sparrow, adult wild, low alt, n=7

3.35

52.8

17.2

–

158

51

33

Melospiza melodia ¹¹⁵ ♀, adult, wild, low alt, n=4

3.40

51.7

17.3

–

152

51

33

Melospiza lincolnii ¹¹⁵ ♂ & ♀, wild, high alt, CO, n=10–12

4.19ⁿ

51.3

18.0ⁿ

–

122

45

35

Melospiza melodia ^{94, 115} ♂ & ♀, wild, low alt, MI, n=12–16

3.31ⁿ

53.3

16.6ⁿ

11.1 X 6.1

161

51

31

Paroaria coronata ¹⁶⁷, red-crested cardinal

3.66

48.8

13.2

–

134

47

30

Emberiza bruniceps ²⁵⁴, red-headed bunting, photostim, n=4

4.57^a

34.5^a

10.8^a

–

75

24

31

Emberiza bruniceps ²⁵⁴, thyroidect. prior to photostim, n=4

2.74^a

24.5^a

7.7 ^a

–

89

28

31

Emberiza citrinella ²⁷⁷, yellowhammer,wild, fall migration, n=22

4.70

53.7

18.9

11.4 X 6.4

122

41

34

Family Parulidae (wood warblers)

Vermivora celate¹¹⁵, orange-crowned warbler, wild, high alt, Colorado, n=2–3

4.61^d

55.4^d

18.0^d

–

120

39

32

Vermivora celate¹¹⁵, wild, high alt, California, n=1–6

6.04

59.0^e

17.4^e

–

98

29

29

Vermivora ruficapilla ¹¹⁵, Nashville w’bler, wild, low alt, MI, n=5

3.35^d

43.1^de

12.7^de

–

129

38

29

Vermivora ruficapilla ²⁰⁸, wild, adult, mixed sex, n=1rbc, 8Hct

3.99

46.5

–

–

–

–

–

Vermivora ruficapilla ²⁰⁸, wild, immature, n=4

–

49.3

–

–

–

–

–

509 Dendroica coronata auduboni ¹¹⁵ ♂, wild, high alt, n=5–6

4.17

52.6

17.3

–

126

41

33

Dendroica coronata audoboni ¹¹⁵ ♀, Audubon’s warbler wild, high alt, n=4

4.20

51.2

16.4

–

122

39

32

Dendroica c. coronata ^{94, 115}, myrtle warbler, wild, low alt, n=8

3.63

51.5

14.5

11.0 X 6.0

141

39

28

Wilsonia pusilla ^{25, 115}, Wilson’s warbler, wild, high alt, n=4

4.80

54.1

16.7

11.7 X 5.8

113

35

31

Family Fringillidae (finches)

Genus Serinus

Serinus canaria ¹⁴⁰ ♀, canary, captive, lab conditions, n=23

4.52

–

–

–

–

–

–

Serinus canaria ¹⁵³, n=300

–

49.9

–

–

–

–

–

Fringilla coelebs ^{68, 121}, chaffinch, wild, n=8

5.25

46.0

16.4

13.1 X 5.9

91

33

36

Fringilla coelebs ²⁷⁷, wild, caught in fall migration n=9

4.80

53.0

18.2

11.9 X 6.8

113

38

34

Genus Carduelis (goldfinches)

Carduelis spinus ^{68, 121}, siskin or Eurasian siskin, wild, n=4

5.37

51.0

17.5

11.7 X 5.5

96

32

36

Carduelis spinus²⁷⁷, wild, caught in fall migration, n=15

5.40

51.9

21.4

10.9 X 5.9

97

40

41

Carduelis pinus ¹¹⁵ ♂, pine siskin, wild, high alt, n=4

3.94

51.9

18.9

–

132

49

36

Carduelis pinus ¹¹⁵ ♀, wild, high alt, CO, n=6–7

4.11

49.5

17.8

–

120

45

36

Carduelis pinus ¹¹⁵, wild, high alt, CO, summer, both sexes, n=10–13

4.04^f

50.5^f

18.3

–

125

46

36

Carduelis pinus ¹¹⁵, wild, low alt, MI, winter, both sexes, n=16–19

4.69^f

56.1^f

17.4

–

120

37

31

Carduelis carduelis ^{68, 121}, goldfinch, wild, n=3

5.20

51.0

17.0

11.7 X 6.1

98

33

33

Carduelis tristis ¹¹⁵, American goldfinch, wild, low alt, Michigan, summer, n=7–10

3.86^g

53.5^g

16.5

–

139

44

31

510 Order Passeriformes (Passerine Birds, Perching birds)

Family Fringillidae (finches)

Carduelis tristis ¹¹⁵, wild, low alt, MI, winter, n=6

4.63^g

59.2^g

17.6

–

128

38

30

Carpodacus purpureus ²⁰⁸ ♂, purple finch, adult, n=2rbc, 6Hct

4.01

59.4

–

11.4 X 5.1

148

–

–

Pyrrhula pyrrhula ²⁷⁷, Eurasian bullfinch, fall migration, n=14

5.30

53.8

20.9

10.9 X 6.1

104

40

39

Family Icteridae

Agelaius phoeniceus ¹³⁶ ♂, red-winged blackbird, control, n=10

–

45.0

15.0

–

–

–

33

Agelaius phoeniceus ¹³⁶ ♂, Pb x 61days, n=14

–

41.0

11.9

–

–

–

29

Quiscalus quiscula ¹³⁶ ♂, common grackle, control, n=5

–

44.0

16.6

–

–

–

38

Quiscalus quiscula ¹³⁶ ♂, Pb x 66 days, n=8

–

42.5

13.2

–

–

–

31

Quiscalus quiscula ¹³⁶ ♀, control, n=7

–

42.0

13.2

–

–

–

31

Quiscalus quiscula ¹³⁶ ♀, Pb x 73 days, n=9

–

34.0

9.4

–

–

–

28

Icterus icterus ¹⁶⁷, troupial, black troupial

3.11

45.8

14.8

–

154

41

32

Family Passeridae (old world sparrows)

Passer melanurus ⁶², cape sparrow, n=5♂, 5♀

3.23

39.1

12.5

11.3 X 5.3

121

39

32

Passer domesticus ^{87, 94} ♂, house sparrow, >1yr, wild, n=31–69

–

51.5

17.2

11.3 X 5.6

–

–

34

Passer domesticus ^{87, 94} ♀, adult, >1yr, wild, n=24–53

–

49.5

16.7

11.3 X 5.6

–

–

33

Passer domesticus ⁸⁷, hatchling, 2–5 days, n=15–24

–

19.9

4.4

–

–

–

22

Passer domesticus ⁸⁷, hatchling, 6–10 days, n=12–24

–

24.8

9.7

–

–

–

39

Passer domesticus ⁸⁷, 11–14 days, n=10–27

–

31.5

12.4

–

–

–

39

Passer domesticus ⁸⁷, 15–30 days, n=7–14

–

35.8

13.2

–

–

–

37

Passer domesticus ⁸⁷, 31–49 days, n=24–31

–

41.6

13.7

–

–

–

33

511 Passer domesticus ⁸⁷, adults, 50–80 days, n=29

–

42.1

14.2

–

–

–

34

Passer domesticus ⁸⁷, adults, 81–124 days, n=31

–

43.9

15.5

–

–

–

35

Passer dometicus ²⁰⁸, wild, n=2

–

–

–

11.5 X 4.9

–

–

–

Passer domesticus ²⁷⁷, wild, caught in fall migration, n=31

4.60

55.2

17.8

11.6 X 6.1

122

39

32

Passer domesticus ²⁸⁸, nestling, 1 day old, n=44–51

0.85

22.4

7.3

14.0 X 9.3

250

104

36

Passer domesticus ²⁸⁸, nestling, 2 days old, n=44–51

0.74

23.1

6.1

13.2 X 8.3

266

101

28

Passer domesticus ²⁸⁸, nestling, 3 days old, n=44–51

1.08

23.3

6.5

13.9 X 8.4

219

67

28

Passer domesticus ²⁸⁸, nestling, 4 days old, n=44–51

1.75

33.0

11.0

14.2 X 8.0

188

68

34

Passer domesticus ²⁸⁸, nestling, 5 days old, n=44–51

1.68

33.8

9.6

13.5 X 8.1

204

59

28

Passer domesticus ²⁸⁸, nestling, 6 days old, n=44–51

1.44

30.3

8.8

14.0 X 7.6

213

64

30

Passer domesticus ²⁸⁸, nestling, 7 days old, n=44–51

2.66

37.0

12.4

13.2 X 7.4

160

70

38

Passer domesticus ²⁸⁸, nestling, 8 days old, n=44–51

1.95

37.7

12.6

13.1 X 7.6

195

65

33

Passer domesticus ²⁸⁸, nestling, 9 days old, n=44–51

2.42

37.2

11.8

13.7 X 7.8

158

51

31

Passer domesticus ²⁸⁸, nestling, 10 days old, n=44–51

1.91

40.4

13.7

13.3 X 7.7

206

66

33

Passer domesticus ²⁸⁸, nestling, 11 days old, n=44–51

2.86

40.1

17.2

13.3 X 7.3

140

60

41

Passer domesticus ²⁸⁸, nestling, 13 days old, n=44–51

2.58

44.8

19.7

13.2 X 7.4

151

50

36

Passer domesticus ²⁸⁸, nestling, 14–15 days old, n=44–51

4.13

57.8

22.9

12.8 X 7.3

142

57

40

Passer domesticus ³⁰⁹♂, sex-immat, mid-Spain, Jun–July, n=25

4.58^a

40.4^a

11.4

–

95

27^a

28^a

Passer domesticus ³⁰⁹♂, sex-immat, mid-Spain, Sept, n=13

5.77^a

47.3^a

11.7

–

84

21^a

25^a

Passer domesticus ³⁰⁹♂, adult, mid-Spain, Jun–July, n=23

4.06

39.4^b

11.0^b

–

101

28^b

28

Passer domesticus ³⁰⁹♂, adult, mid-Spain, Sept, n=8

4.20

45.3^b

13.7^b

–

114

34^b

30

Passer domesticus ³⁰⁹♂, sex-immature, control, n=13

5.77^c

47.3

11.7^c

–

84

21

25^c

Passer domesticus ³⁰⁹♂, sex-immature, testosterone, n=11

7.89^c

46.0

14.0^c

–

68

21

31^c

Passer domesticus ³⁰⁹♂, adult, control, n=8

4.20

45.3

13.7

–

114

34

30

Passer domesticus ³⁰⁹♂, adult, testosterone, n=8

4.60

49.7

14.4

–

119

35

29

512 Order Passeriformes (Passerine Birds, Perching birds)

Family Passeridae (old world sparrows)

Passer montanus montanus ¹⁹⁵, Eurasian sparrow, 1day, n=6

0.60

18.0

7.6

13.4 X 8.4

234

–

38

Passer m. montanus ¹⁹⁵, Eurasian tree sparrow, 2 days, n=7

0.84

20.7

5.2

13.6 X 8.5

232

65

28

Passer montanus montanus ¹⁹⁵, nestling, 3 days old, n=2

0.92

19.0

4.4

13.1 X 8.1

219

51

23

Passer montanus montanus ¹⁹⁵, nestling, 4 days old, n=3

1.06

18.6

5.1

13.3 X 8.1

176

58

31

Passer montanus montanus ¹⁹⁵, nestling, 5 days old, n=3

1.74

29.8

8.5

12.6 X 8.5

174

48

29

Passer montanus montanus ¹⁹⁵, nestling, 6 days old, n=3

2.15

34.8

10.5

13.6 X 8.1

165

50

31

Passer montanus montanus ¹⁹⁵, nestling, 7 days old, n=4

3.02

42.0

12.5

12.9 X 7.8

173

29

28

Passer montanus montanus ¹⁹⁵, nestling, 8 days old, n=3

3.05

42.0

12.0

13.0 X 7.2

141

40

28

Passer montanus montanus ¹⁹⁵, nestling, 10 days old, n=2

–

52.0

15.6

12.7 X 7.5

–

–

30

Passer montanus montanus ¹⁹⁵, nestling, 11 days old, n=6

4.20

50.8

15.3

12.5 X 7.5

116

36

32

Passer montanus montanus ¹⁹⁵, nestling, 12 days old, n=2

4.32

55.0

19.2

12.2 X 7.2

126

44

35

Passer montanus montanus ¹⁹⁵, nestling, 13 days old, n=2

3.80

48.5

16.4

11.7 X 7.0

113

43

34

Passer montanus montanus ¹⁹⁵, nestling, 14 days old, n=2

4.33

50.8

15.7

12.8 X 7.3

109

37

31

Passer montanus montanus ¹⁹⁵, nestling, 15 days old, n=3

5.36

54.5

19.9

11.3 X 6.9

103

37

37

Passer montanus ²⁶⁵, urban nestling, 1 day old, n=10

1.09

23.9

6.2

–

219

57

26

Passer montanus ²⁶⁵, urban nestling, 2 days old, n=10

1.44

31.8

5.8

–

221

40

18

Passer montanus ²⁶⁵, urban nestling, 3 days old, n=8

1.49

32.7

5.4

–

219

36

17

Passer montanus ²⁶⁵, urban nestling, 4 days old, n=6

1.45

28.0

5.2

–

193

36

19

Passer montanus ²⁶⁵, urban nestling, 5 days old, n=6

2.41

35.2

7.3

–

146

30

21

Passer montanus ²⁶⁵, urban nestling, 6 days old, n=8

2.76

36.9

7.6

–

134

28

21

Passer montanus ²⁶⁵, urban nestling, 7 days old, n=7

2.56

39.2

7.6

–

153

30

19

Passer montanus ²⁶⁵, urban nestling, 8 days old, n=5

2.61

38.9

8.8

–

149

34

23

513 Passer montanus ²⁶⁵, urban nestling, 9 days old, n=6

3.12

41.7

10.9

–

134

35

26

Passer montanus ²⁶⁵, urban nestling, 10 days old, n=6

3.07

37.3

7.9

–

121

26

21

Passer montanus ²⁶⁵, urban nestling, 11 days old, n=8

2.80

40.9

9.8

–

146

35

24

Passer montanus ²⁶⁵, urban nestling, 12 days old, n=8

3.39

43.7

10.5

–

129

31

24

Passer montanus ²⁶⁵, urban nestling, 13 days old, n=6

3.33

42.7

11.6

–

128

35

27

Passer montanus ²⁶⁵, urban nestling, 14 days old, n=5

3.71

48.4

11.5

–

130

31

24

Passer montanus ²⁶⁵, urban nestling, 15 days old, n=7

3.44

44.8

11.6

–

130

34

26

Passer montanus ²⁶⁵, urban nestling, 16 days old, n=10

4.07

42.5

12.7

–

104

31

30

Passer montanus ²⁷⁷, wild, caught in fall migration, n=8

4.60

54.8

17.4

11.5 X 6.1

118

37

32

Family Ploceidae (weavers, weaverbirds)

Euplectes orix ¹⁶⁷, red bishop, grenadier weaver

5.57

49.9

–

–

90

–

–

Family Estrildidae (weaver finches)

Amadina erythrocephala ⁶², redheaded finch, paradise sparrow n=4♂, 2♀

3.45

41.3

15.9

11.6 X 6.8

120

46

39

Lonchura punctulata punctulata ¹¹¹ ♂, spice finch, adult, n=15

3.46*

27.6*

13.8*

11.3 X 8.3

80

40

50

Lonchura punctulata punctulata ¹¹¹ ♀, adult, wild, n=15

3.32*

26.4*

12.4*

11.5 X 8.3

80

37

47

Lonchura punctulata ²⁵² ♂, spotted munia, saline, n=4

3.75^a

–

10.8^a

–

–

29

–

Lonchura punctulata ²⁵² ♂, erythropoietin, n=4

4.44^a

–

12.4^a

–

–

28

–

Lonchura punctulata ²⁵² ♂, testosterone, n=4

3.40

–

10.6

–

–

31

–

Lonchura punctulata ²⁵² ♂, thyroxine, n=4

3.72

–

11.9

–

–

32

–

Lonchura punctulata ²⁵² ♂, testost. + thyroxine, n=4

4.61^a

–

13.1^a

–

–

28

–

Neochmia (Emblema) temporalis ²⁸⁹, red-browed finch, red-browed firetail, wild, winter, n=20–30

3.51^a

49.5

12.6

–

144^a

37^a

26

Neochmia (Emblema) temporalis ²⁸⁹, summer, n=29–30

2.32^a

50.4

12.7

–

220^a

56^a

25

514 Order Passeriformes (Passerine Birds, Perching birds)

Family Sturnidae (starlings)

Acridotheres tristis tristis ⁸⁶ ♂, common Indian mynah, n=12

2.94

24.7

14.0

12.9 X 6.9

84

47

57

Acridotheres tristis tristis ⁸⁶ ♀, n=12

2.70

23.7

13.4

13.2 X 7.0

88

50

57

Minah species¹⁵³, n=44

–

47.7

–

–

–

–

–

Spreo superbus ¹⁶⁷, superb starling

4.18

49.4

15.7

–

127

38

32

Sturnus vulgaris ²⁰⁸, common starling, adult, fall migration, n=5

–

49.8

–

–

–

–

–

Sturnus v. vulgaris ²⁶⁶, nestling, 1 day old, n=6

1.13

22.6

5.9

13.0 X 8.1

213

56

27

Sturnus v. vulgaris ²⁶⁶, nestling, 2 days old, n=2

1.20

30.4

7.7

11.7 X 7.3

252

64

25

Sturnus v. vulgaris ²⁶⁶, nestling, 3 days old, n=4

1.45

27.4

8.7

12.4 X 7.6

196

62

32

Sturnus v. vulgaris ²⁶⁶, nestling, 4 days old, n=4

1.68

36.7

9.6

13.1 X 7.7

222

58

29

Sturnus v. vulgaris ²⁶⁶, nestling, 5 days old, n=4

1.82

30.4

11.6

12.8 X 7.9

198

65

33

Sturnus v. vulgaris ²⁶⁶, nestling, 6 days old, n=2

2.09

49.2

11.6

12.4 X 7.3

235

56

24

Sturnus v. vulgaris ²⁶⁶, nestling, 7 days old, n=3

1.55

44.2

11.5

–

315

83

26

Sturnus v. vulgaris ²⁶⁶, nestling, 8 days old, n=4

2.14

39.5

13.7

11.5 X 6.8

191

64

35

Sturnus v. vulgaris ²⁶⁶, nestling, 9 days old, n=3

2.20

54.1

14.6

–

247

66

25

Sturnus v. vulgaris ²⁶⁶, nestling, 10 days old, n=3

2.55

51.8

14.1

11.5 X 6.6

210

52

26

Sturnus v. vulgaris ²⁶⁶, nestling, 11 days old, n=2

2.83

45.0

17.6

11.8 X 7.5

165

63

40

Sturnus v. vulgaris ²⁶⁶, nestling, 12 days old, n=4

2.62

39.9

13.1

11.2 X 6.8

154

50

33

Sturnus v. vulgaris ²⁶⁶, nestling, 13 days old, n=2

3.20

40.0

14.8

11.9 X 6.8

139

47

36

Sturnus v. vulgaris ²⁶⁶, nestling, 14 days old, n=3

3.14

43.2

15.6

10.7 X 6.6

158

51

36

Sturnus v. vulgaris ²⁶⁶, nestling, 15 days old, n=3

3.02

49.0

14.1

11.1 X 6.3

136

47

33

Sturnus v. vulgaris ²⁶⁶, nestling, 16 days old, n=3

2.49

43.3

14.8

10.8 X 6.3

172

59

34

515 Sturnus v. vulgaris ²⁶⁶, nestling, 17 days old, n=4

3.19

48.5

16.0

11.5 X 6.6

154

50

32

Sturnus v. vulgaris ²⁶⁶, nestling, 18 days old, n=2

2.91

42.4

17.4

11.0 X 6.4

148

61

41

Sturnus v. vulgaris ²⁶⁶, nestling, 21 days old, n=2

3.26

49.9

17.1

11.4 X 6.2

155

53

34

Gracula religiosa ³¹⁷ ♂, common hill minah, adult, captive, n=20

3.75

47.6

14.3

–

126

38

30

Gracula religiosa ³¹⁷ ♀, hill minah, adult, captive, n=15

3.17

46.7

13.6

–

124

38

29

Gracula religiosa ³¹⁷, young, >1 yr old, captive, n=10

3.85

48.6

14.3

–

132

39

29

Family Corvidae (crowlike birds)

Cyanocitta cristata ^{25, 115}, blue jay, wild, low alt, n=6

3.51

50.5

15.3

13.7 X 7.8

144

43

30

Cyanocitta cristata ²⁰⁸, adult, wild, mixed sex, n=2rbc, 4Hct

4.51

47.1

–

–

104

–

–

Perisoreus canadensis ²⁰⁸, gray jay, adult, wild, n=2rbc, 9Hct

4.66

46.6

–

–

100

–

–

Perisoreus canadensis ²⁰⁸ immat. wild, n=1rbc, 6Hct

4.88

46.9

–

–

–

–

–

Corvus albus ⁶², pied crow, n=2♂, 2♀

2.60

39.0

14.4

12.5 X 6.9

152

56

40

Corvus corax ^{71, 123}, raven, adult, captive n=6

3.19

40.7

16.1

12.4 X 6.7

128

50

40

Corvus corax ²⁰⁸, wild, n=1

–

–

–

11.3 X 5.3

–

–

–

Corvus brachyrhynchos ¹⁶⁷, crow, common crow

3.79

44.2

14.0

–

120

40

32

Corvus brachyrhynchos ²⁰⁸, wild, n=2

–

–

–

11.4 X 6.6

–

–

–

Corvus splendens ³⁴⁵, Indian house crow, wild, n= 5–9

1.87

31.8

6.9

–

–

–

–

Nucifraga Columbiana ¹¹⁵, Clark’s nutcracker, wild, adult, n=2–6

4.79

51.8°

15.9

–

108

34

31

Nucifraga Columbiana ¹¹⁵, wild, juvenile, n=4–10

4.31

47.7°

14.6

–

111

33

31

Family Regulidae (kinglets or crests)

Regulus regulus ²⁷⁷, goldcrest, wild, in fall migration, n=19

6.80

56.0

28.9

10.7 X 6.1

84

43

52

Family Certhidae (creepers)

Certhia familiaris ²⁷⁷, Eurasian treecreeper, fall migration, n=4

5.70

52.8

19.2

11.0 X 6.2

94

34

36

516 Order Passeriformes (Passerine Birds, Perching birds)

Family Troglodytidae (wrens)

Troglodytes troglodytes ²⁷⁷, winter wren, fall migration, n=9

5.60

56.0

22.0

11.2 X 6.3

100

40

39

Family Aegithalidae (bushtits, long-tailed tits)

Aegithalos caudatus ²⁷⁷, long-tailed bushtit, fall migration, n=11

4.90

48.0

15.2

12.2 X 6.4

102

32

32

Family Pardalotidae

Acanthiza pusilla ²⁸⁹, brown thornbill, wild, winter, n=23–30

3.56^a

45.1

15.7

–

130^a

46^a

35

Acanthiza pusilla ²⁸⁹, wild, summer, n=29–30

2.46^a

44.5

16.9

–

183^a

69^a

38

Family Maluridae

Malurus cyaneus ²⁸⁹, superb fairywren, wild, winter, n=19–30

3.62^a

44.1

14.8

–

126^a

44^a

34

Malurus cyaneus ²⁸⁹, wild, summer, n=28–30

2.11^a

45.8

14.2

–

218^a

67^a

31

Family Petroicidae

Eopsaltria australis ²⁸⁹, eastern yellow robin, wild, winter, n=30

2.96^a

45.6

15.1

–

159^a

52^a

33

Eopsaltria australis ²⁸⁹, wild, summer, n=30

1.87^a

45.0

15.6

–

244^a

83^a

35