ABSTRACT
Energy is the prime need to sustain life on earth. It is obtained from two kinds of sources-nonrenewable and renewable through nature. Non-renewable energy is mainly available in the form of
CONTENTS
21.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 495 21.2 Rationale of Converting Biomass into Bioenergy (Bioethanol) ........................................... 496 21.3 Sources of Biomass/Biowaste ............................................................................................... 496
21.3.1 Crop Residue and Farm Wastes ................................................................................ 496 21.3.2 Agricultural Industrial Wastes .................................................................................. 497 21.3.3 Forest Wastes ............................................................................................................ 497 21.3.4 Logging Residues ..................................................................................................... 497 21.3.5 Animal Wastes .......................................................................................................... 497
21.4 Management of Biomass/Biowaste ....................................................................................... 497 21.5 Composition of Biomass ....................................................................................................... 498 21.6 Biomass to Bioethanol: Ethanol Production Technologies ................................................... 499
21.6.1 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Materials ............................................................... 499 21.6.1.1 Physical Pretreatment ................................................................................ 499 21.6.1.2 Chemical Pretreatments ............................................................................. 499 21.6.1.3 Physico-Chemical Pretreatment ................................................................ 501 21.6.1.4 Biological Pretreatment .............................................................................502
