ABSTRACT
Peruorinated compounds (PFCs) are synthetic organic chemicals used in a variety of industrial and commercial applications, including surfactants in pesticides, surface protectors in textiles, furnishings, and food packaging. PFCs become emerging chemicals of concern and two of them, namely peruorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and peruorooctane sulfonyl uoride (POSF) were listed as “restricted use” (Annex B) under the Stockholm Convention in May 2009. PFCs have an anionic functional group and nonpolar peruoroalkyl chain. This moiety allows them to repel both water
26.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 593 26.1.1 Physicochemical Properties of PFCs ........................................................................ 594 26.1.2 Production of PFCs ................................................................................................... 596
26.1.2.1 Electrochemical Fluorination .................................................................... 596 26.1.2.2 Telomerization ........................................................................................... 596
26.1.3 Sources ...................................................................................................................... 597 26.1.3.1 Sources of PFASs ....................................................................................... 597 26.1.3.2 Sources of PFCAs ...................................................................................... 598
26.2 Analytical Methods ..............................................................................................................600 26.2.1 Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy ................................................................600 26.2.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectroscopy .............. 601 26.2.3 Quality Assurance and Quality Control and ISO25101 ........................................... 601
26.3 Global Transportation of PFCs .............................................................................................602 26.3.1 PFC Levels in Air and Dust ......................................................................................603 26.3.2 PFC Levels in Precipitation ......................................................................................603 26.3.3 PFC Levels in Ocean Waters ....................................................................................604 26.3.4 Vertical Proˆles of PFOS and PFOA in Open Ocean Water Columns ....................608
