Fault-Tolerant Approach to the Con˜guration of Programmable Logic at the Nanoscale

The self-replication of computing systems is an idea that dates back to the very origins of electronics: in the 1950s, John von Neumann was among the first to investigate the design of processor-scale computing devices capable of selfreplication [1,2] with the goal of obtaining reliability through the redundant operation of many copies of the original device.