ABSTRACT
Orthopaedic tissue engineering provides an exciting strategy for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration and has signicant promise for clinical repair. Using a combination of cells, growth factors, and biomaterials, as well as biochemical or physical stimulation, the principles of tissue engineering1 have been readily applied to the formation of a variety of
CONTENTS
19.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 513 19.2 Bone ..................................................................................................................................... 514
19.2.1 Native Mechanical Environment ......................................................................... 514 19.2.2 Mechanical Stimulation for Bone Tissue Engineering ..................................... 515
19.2.2.1 Turbulent Flow ........................................................................................ 515 19.2.2.2 Low Shear, Nonturbulent Flow ............................................................. 516 19.2.2.3 Perfusion ................................................................................................... 518 19.2.2.4 Tensile, Compressive, and Bending ...................................................... 521
19.3 Articular Cartilage ............................................................................................................ 522 19.3.1 Native Mechanical Environment ......................................................................... 522 19.3.2 Mechanical Stimulation for Cartilage Tissue Engineering ............................. 523
19.3.2.1 Compression ............................................................................................ 523 19.3.2.2 Hydrostatic Pressure .............................................................................. 531 19.3.2.3 Shear and Complex Loading .................................................................533
19.4 Tendon and Ligament .......................................................................................................535 19.4.1 Native Mechanical Environment .........................................................................535 19.4.2 Mechanical Stimulation for Ligament/Tendon Tissue Engineering .............. 536
