ABSTRACT
Chapter 1 µj The mean in group j. βk Regression coefficient relating the
k-th predictor x to the dependent variable y.
σ2 The residual variance. i Residual for person i. yi The score of person i on dependent
variable y. xki The score of person i on predic-
tor/covariate xk. dji If the value is 1/0, person i is/is not
a member of group j. Z(yi) Standardized value of yi. Z(xki) Standardized value of xki. H0 The null hypothesis. Ha The alternative hypothesis. Hm An informative hypothesis. i Index for person 1 to N . d Effect size used in the specification
of an informative hypothesis. j Index for group 1 to J .