ABSTRACT
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects approximately 3-5% of pregnancies, and has a substantial impact on maternal, foetal, and neonatal short-and long-term health. Risk factors for GDM may be genetic or nongenetic and may exist prior to gestation or develop during pregnancy. The knowledge of risk factors for GDM is of importance to the clinician. Identifying patients at risk for GDM may impact the mode and timing of screening and diagnosis for GDM. More importantly, identifying
3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 51 3.2 Nongenetic Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ........................... 53
3.2.1 Older Maternal Age ............................................................................54 3.2.2 High Parity .......................................................................................... 55 3.2.3 Saturated Fatty Acid-Rich Diet .......................................................... 55 3.2.4 Vitamin D Deficiency ......................................................................... 56 3.2.5 Previous Pregnancy Complications ....................................................56 3.2.6 Multiple Pregnancies .......................................................................... 56 3.2.7 Lifestyle Factors.................................................................................. 57 3.2.8 Short Stature ....................................................................................... 57 3.2.9 Maternal Weight ................................................................................. 58
3.2.9.1 Prepregnancy Weight as a Risk Factor for GDM ................ 59 3.2.9.2 Gestational Weight Gain as a Risk Factor for GDM ........... 59 3.2.9.3 Prepregnancy BMI as a Risk Factor for GDM .................... 59
3.2.10 Intrauterine Environment/Intergenerational Transmission of GDM ............................................................................................... 61
3.2.11 Infant of Diabetic Mother ................................................................... 62 3.2.12 Foetal Growth Restriction .................................................................. 63
References ................................................................................................................64
