ABSTRACT
Redundancy is carried out after the analysis of the risks of halt and crash of the systems according to the level of services that have to be guaranteed. Upon observing complex systems such as biological ones, as seen through system dynamics, some considerations on redundancy can be made. Redundancy of interactions favors the valorization of the tacit knowledge inside projects. The term redundancy, in common acceptance, usually conveys a negative meaning, because it is associated with the concepts of superfluity and uselessness: what is useless is often perceived as a waste to be eliminated. Panda are herbivorous descendants of carnivorous bears. The fact that the panda devised a sixth finger out of an apparently useless bone of the wrist provides valuable information about evolutionary processes that are the foundation of biological diversity, and also provides a fresh perspective on several systems.
