ABSTRACT
In this chapter we leave quantum physics and return to circuits and circuit theory. The effect of tunneling and Coulomb blockade will be modeled by (parasitic)lumped circuit elements. From a classical physics and electromagnetic theory point of view using Maxwell's equations, the lumped circuit is only an approximation as was discussed in chapter 3. It assumes steady-state currents or a quasi-static approach. Energy is conserved and if applied to circuits that cannot radiate, Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws could be obtained. In this chapter concepts of energy in circuit theory are briefly reviewed that play an important role in analyzing and synthesizing circuits with tunneling elements. Notations and definitions are introduced.
