ABSTRACT
This chapter describes various approaches that allow immobilization of viral nanoparticles (VNPs) on surfaces, and strategies in which VNPs have been used as building blocks for the construction of arrays. Icosahedral and rod-shaped VNPs have also been self-assembled into two-dimensional (2D) films or multilayered three-dimensional (3D) arrays. To preserve the processing ability and integrity of the VNP during electrospinning, the suspension was blended with the polymer polyvinyl pyrrolidone. Multi-layered arrays consisting of polyelectrolytes and VNPs can be fabricated via electrostatic interactions. VNPs can be immobilized on surfaces using biospecific interactions. Multi-layered arrays of VNPs fabricated via electrostatic interactions offer high tunability and flexibility. The infection process of enveloped VNPs involves fusion of the viral membrane with cellular membranes such as the plasma membrane or the endosomal membrane. A variety of techniques have been developed allowing the fabrication of VNP structures including ID bundles and wires, 2D films, and multi-layered arrays leading toward 3D structures.
