ABSTRACT
Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi are promising sources for structurally diverse and potent bioactive compounds (Laatsch, 2006; Lebar et al., 2007). Actinomycetes are mostly responsible for the production of half of the discovered secondary metabolites (Bull, 2004; Berdy, 2005), such as antibiotics (Strohl, 2004), antitumor agents (Olano et al., 2009), immunosuppressive agents (Mann, 2001), and enzymes (Pecznska-Czoch and Mordarski, 1988; Oldeld et al., 1998). The studies on metabolism of aromatic amino acids in microorganisms show that they evolved secondary metabolic pathways with the capa city to produce compounds displaying an effective array of pharmacological applications
8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 143 8.1.1 Production of secondary metabolites from aromatic amino acids ................. 143
8.2 Indole terpenoid ethers and esters .................................................................................. 144 8.2.1 Rhodethrin .............................................................................................................. 145 8.2.2 Rubrivivaxin ........................................................................................................... 145 8.2.3 Rhodestrin .............................................................................................................. 145 8.2.4 2.4.3,6-Disubstituted indoles A, B, and C ........................................................... 146
8.3 Indole terpenoid ethers and esters .................................................................................. 146 8.3.1 Indole-3-acetic acid ................................................................................................ 146 8.3.2 Indigo ....................................................................................................................... 146 8.3.3 Violacein .................................................................................................................. 146 8.3.4 Indolmycin .............................................................................................................. 147
8.4 Phenols and its derivatives ............................................................................................... 147 8.4.1 Alkyl esters of gallic acid ...................................................................................... 147
8.5 Polyketides .......................................................................................................................... 148 8.5.1 Daryamides A, B, and C........................................................................................ 148
8.6 Piericidin and derivatives ................................................................................................. 148 8.6.1 Piericidins C7 and C8 ............................................................................................. 149
8.7 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 149 Acknowledgment ........................................................................................................................ 149 References ..................................................................................................................................... 149
including pigments, toxins, enzyme inhibitors, pesticides, herbicides, antiparasitics, mycotoxins, antitumor agents, antibiotics, cytotoxicity activities, and growth promoters of animals and plants. Structurally diverse classes of secondary metabolites were produced by the marine Bacillus species, such as lipopeptides, polypeptides, macrolactones, fatty acids, polyketides, lipoamides, and isocoumarins (Hamdache et al., 2011). These compounds show a wide range of biological activities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antialgal, and antiperonosporomycetal (Brauzzi et al., 2011).
