ABSTRACT
Feed development for L. calcarifer has undergone considerable evolution over the past 30 years from that of feeding bait-fi sh or trash-fi sh, the use of simple pellet-pressed diets, to the point where modern extrusion technologies are now applied to produce fl oating and sinking pellets with a range of nutrient densities depending on farming country and practices. Considerable effort has been made in Australia, Thailand and the Philippines in defi ning the nutritional requirements of L. calcarifer, with much of these efforts being reviewed in Boonyaratpalin and Williams (2001) and Glencross (2006). This chapter builds on these early reviews and further synthesises the latest research related to nutrition and feeding of L. calcarifer. For ease of presentation the chapter is divided into three sections covering essential nutrient and energy requirements, raw material applications and feeding management options for this species.
