ABSTRACT
The ECG in patients with HF may show abnormalities of rate, rhythm, conduction, and cardiac size. Tachycardia is almost universal in patients not taking rate-limiting medication (such as β-blockers). Atrial fibrillation (AF) is also frequently seen, and may be rapid (97) but occasionally be slow (98) or be related to preexcitation (99, 100). The latter may also lead to other tachyarrhythmias. Frequent ectopic beats are also common in the resting ECG of patients with HF (101, 102).
