ABSTRACT
Over the past two decades, a number of findings have provided evidence for a bidirectional relationship between the neuroendocrine and immune systems (Blalock, 1989; Ader, Felten, and Cohen, 1990; Carr and Blalock, 1991). These findings include observations that 1) cells of the neuroendocrine and immune systems produce and/or share receptors for, cytokines, neuropeptides, hormones, and neurotransmitters; and 2) nerve fibers containing both neurotransmitters and neuropeptides are found in lymphoid organs where they directly contact cells.
