ABSTRACT
Ultrasound detects connections between deep and superficial veins, reflux in deep, superficial and perforator veins, or venous obstruction. Continuous-wave Doppler supplements clinical assessment but duplex scanning is required to define anatomy. Venography is occasionally performed prior to surgery. Air plethysmography is favoured for physiological assessment, but other plethysmographic techniques are now rarely used. This chapter includes findings from our experience with 7000 chronic venous duplex scans.
