ABSTRACT
The vacuolar-type H+-ATPases (V-ATPase) are a family of multisubunit ATP-dependent proton pumps involved in a wide variety
of physiological processes. They are present in endomembrane
organelles such as vacuoles, lysosomes, endosomes, the Golgi
apparatus, chromaffin granules, and coated vesicles, and acidify the
luminal pH of these intracellular compartments. They also pump
protons across the plasmamembranes of specialized cells, including
osteoclasts and epithelial cells, in kidneys and male genital tracts.
