ABSTRACT
In this chapter, the use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques for investigation of mineralized tissues is reviewed. The high-resolution imaging capabilities of modern TEM instruments are yielding new insights into the nanostructure of materials such as bone and dentine that improve our understanding of the complex multiscale structures. Analytical techniques such as electron energy-loss spectroscopy and energy dispersive x-ray analysis in the TEM are providing insights into chemistry and bonding in mineralized
tissues with molecular-scale spatial resolution. Dual beam focused ion beam instruments have revolutionized sample preparation; TEM samples can be prepared from site-specic regions of interest such as cracks and interfaces. In combination, these methods can shed light on the exact relationship between the mineral and organic phases in mineralized tissues and ultimately provide unique insights in the complex relationship between chemistry, structure, and bonding with bonerelated pathologies.
