ABSTRACT
One of the greatest challenges in the history of human civilization involves capturing and securing useful energy. Access to these energy sources can be related directly to the rise and fall of several of the world’s most successful civilizations.1 Over time, society has become reliant on fossil fuels to maintain its industrial economy with little use of nuclear power or renewable energy sources.1 Successful advancements
7.1 Motivation for the Development of Water Oxidation Catalysts ................... 149 7.2 Photosynthesis and Photosystem II .............................................................. 151 7.3 Water Oxidation ............................................................................................ 154 7.4 Terminology for Catalysis in Water Oxidation ............................................. 156
7.4.1 Standard Catalysis Terms ................................................................. 156 7.4.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis ................................................................... 158 7.4.3 Homogeneous Catalysis .................................................................... 159
7.5 The Transition Metals ................................................................................... 160 7.5.1 Ruthenium......................................................................................... 161 7.5.2 Iridium .............................................................................................. 163 7.5.3 Cobalt ................................................................................................ 165 7.5.4 Copper............................................................................................... 166 7.5.5 Iron .................................................................................................... 168 7.5.6 Manganese ........................................................................................ 170 7.5.7 Nickel ................................................................................................ 171 7.5.8 Mixed Metal Systems ....................................................................... 172
7.6 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 173 References .............................................................................................................. 173
made during the Industrial Revolution launched a dependence on energy to power and maintain technological, economic, social, and political infrastructures.1 With these industrial developments, energy supply remains an area of high concern along with the environmental impacts of obtaining useful energy sources.1 The only solution to secure the world’s energy future revolves around the development of a society based on clean, renewable energy.
