ABSTRACT
Introduction Although bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a highly effective therapy for bladder cancer, the problem of BCG failure is significant. When the therapy fails, radical cystectomy is the gold standard. Patients are sometimes reluctant, however, to undergo major surgery for a condition that does not pose an immediate threat to their lives. Furthermore, radical cystectomy is not suitable for a subset of patients with severe comorbidities. A number of alternatives have been developed. After considering the definition of BCG failure, we will detail these therapies.
