ABSTRACT
Our world is facing critical transportation issues [1]. The performance of the transportation system is neither reliable nor resilient. The world suffers signicant deaths and injuries every year. Transportation exerts large-scale, unsustainable impacts on energy, the environment, and climate. For example, the surface transportation system of the United States is facing serious safety, mobility, and environmental issues [2]: There are over 5.8 million crashes per year on U.S. roadways, resulting in 37,000 deaths annually and having a direct economic cost of $230.6 billion; trafc congestion is an $87.2 billion annual drain on the U.S. economy, with 4.2 billion hours and 2.8 billion gallons of fuel spent sitting in trafc; tailpipe emissions from vehicles are the single largest human-made source of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxides (NOx), and methane. Hence, there is an urgent need to improve transportation system performance and resiliency, reduce transportation injuries and fatalities, and mitigate unsustainable environmental impacts.
