ABSTRACT
Aromatic amines (AAs) are widespread occupational and environmental pollutants (Richter and Branner, 2002). Carcinogenic aromatic amines are yielded from mainstream smoke and side stream smoke during the smoking process (Hoffmann et al., 1969; Saha et al., 2009), such as 1-naphthylamine (1-NA), 2-naphthylamine (2-NA), 3-aminobiphenyl (3-ABP), and 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP). For the general population, the main exposure mediums are cigarette smoke and products synthesized from AAs. 4-ABP is a cigarette smoke AA classied as a class 1 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) carcinogen and also present in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) HPHCs list (Administration, 2012; Cancer, 2010). 4-ABP mainstream smoke yields ranged from 0.5 to 3.3 ng/cigarette in 48 commercial cigarettes smoked with three different regimes including ISO (Riedel et al., 2006). 2-NA has been classied as Group 1 (carcinogenic to humans) by IARC (Humans et al., 2004). The concentration of 2-NA in mainstream cigarette smoke was 1.53-13.8 ng/ cigarette (Saha et al., 2009). It is well known that cigarette smoking and occupational exposure to 2-NA and 4-ABP are risk factors for a variety of diseases including bladder cancer (Letašiová et al., 2012).
