ABSTRACT
Abstract. The early evolution of electrostatic marking is traced to the invention of xerography by Chester Carlson in 1938. Electrostatic marking technologies use an electrostatic force acting on pigmented toner particles to form images. Several classes of electrostatic marking physics can be described. The dominant class utilizes an image dependent electric field acting on charged, insulative toner particles. Electrostatic marking systems using different classes of marking physics can be grouped as either indirect or direct. The quality of images produced with electrostatic marking depends on the control of toner particle charge and adhesion. Triboelectricity is the dominant method for charging particles, in spite of a poor understanding of microscopic charging mechanisms and the enhancement of adhesion due to a non-uniform surface charge.
