ABSTRACT
In a structure, a limit state may be reached as the result of a number of random factors, which combine and affect the safety factors. These lead to the following:
• Uncertainty about the values used for strengths of materials. • Uncertainty about the assumed geometry of the structure or sections of
it. • Uncertainty about permanent loads, variable imposed loads, or im-
posed deformations. • Departure of the actual loading effects from the calculated values.
