ABSTRACT
Neuroendocrine Increased catecholamines and sympathetic nerve activity Increased cortisol, growth hormone, ACTH, prolactin Increased renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, vasopressin Acute phase reactants-increased coagualability Altered immune response
Pulmonary Decreased pulmonary function Pneumonia ARDS Pneumothorax secondary to barotrauma (yelling, coughing) Increased respiratory rate Acid-base disturbances
Central Nervous System ICP elevation and herniation Spinal cord injury due to struggling against physical restraints and spinal precautions
Cardiovascular SVR increases with tissue hypoperfusion, lactic acidosis and ultimately multi-organ system failure Tachycardia which may complicate assessment of resuscitative measures Ectopy and conduction abnormalities
Gastrointestinal Cushing's ulcers Decreased gut motility
Musculoskeletal Spasm and immobility Rhabdomyolysis from struggling against physical restraints
Genitourologic ATN/renal failure
Table 4.2. Terms and definitions
Analgesia Cerebral resuscitation
Blunting the perception of pain locally or centrally. Management of ICP in head trauma patients via drugs, head elevation, or hyperventilation.