ABSTRACT
Introduction In the last three decades, the chaos theories have born, grown, matured, and revolutionized our understanding of natural phenomena. Classical physics, statistical physics, electromagnetism, quantum theory, and relativity also had great revolutionary impacts in explaining natural phenomena, but none of these had so rapid infl uence on the fi elds other than basic physics. In the past, it usually took some decades for the application of physical laws in applied sciences and engineering after their discovery. However, chaos theories soon found applications in almost all branches of technical, medical, and social fi elds, and also in arts.
