ABSTRACT
Life-saving organ transplantation and reconstruction surgery have made considerable dimension as routine procedures in advanced medical treatment but sometimes are associated with limitations. These procedures need either organ donation from a donor or tissue transplantation from a second surgical site from the individual under treatment. In the earlier one, there is an acute scarcity of donor organs, while the latter is connected with pain and morbidity of the sufferer. As a result, attempts have been initiated in tissue engineering to develop organs, tissues, and synthetic materials ex situ for future transplant use (Bell 1993; Langer and Vacanti 1993; Lauffenburger 1994; Peppas and Langer, 1994; Lanza et al. 1997; Healy et al. 1999; Service 2000).
