ABSTRACT
From its inception in the medieval era to its maturity as a distinct and separate discipline in the twenty fi rst century, toxicology was taught primarily as an applied science. The fi eld incorporated the various approaches from a variety of disciplines, not limited to the broad sciences of chemistry and biology. In particular, toxicology evolved from applications of analytical and clinical chemists whose job defi nitions included chemical identifi cation and analysis of body fl uids.
