ABSTRACT
A remarkable number of cardiovascular and renal changes occur in pregnancy. Normal levels of certain hormones also change, with estrogen and progesterone rising to very high levels, which will continuously rise throughout pregnancy. There are multiple cardiovascular adaptations as the body responds to various signals, including increased cardiac work to meet the demands of expanding circulating blood volume. In addition, the BP rises due to alterations in the hormonal and hemodynamic adaptations to pregnancy.
