ABSTRACT
Fire is a major hazard in many industrial, transportation, and military applications, requiring the use of approved re-resistant hydraulic –uids either utilized alone, or in conjunction with other re-suppression techniques. Trends in the hydraulic industry for compact, higher-pressure hydraulic systems with smaller reservoirs to increase efciency result in hydraulic –uids operating at higher temperatures, higher pressures, and with less time in the reservoir to cool and de-aerate. These factors may increase the risk of re in the hydraulic system due to the greater potential for initial
9.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 363 9.2 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 365
9.2.1 Fire Mechanisms ...................................................................................................... 365 9.2.2 Ignition Sources ........................................................................................................ 365 9.2.3 Fluid Classication ...................................................................................................366 9.2.4 Fire-Resistance Testing Strategies ............................................................................ 367 9.2.5 Fluid Flammability Tests .......................................................................................... 367
9.2.5.1 Fluid Volatility Characterization ............................................................... 367 9.2.5.2 Pool Fires ................................................................................................... 373 9.2.5.3 Calorimetric Procedures ............................................................................ 373 9.2.5.4 Evaporation (Wick) Tests ........................................................................... 374 9.2.5.5 Flame Propagation ..................................................................................... 376 9.2.5.6 Hot-Surface Ignition Tests ......................................................................... 378 9.2.5.7 Spray Ignition Flammability Tests .............................................................380 9.2.5.8 Heat Release Spray Tests ...........................................................................384
