ABSTRACT
Stones, wood, and ropes were probably the rst elements used to build bridges. Bridge construction started approximately 4000 to 5000 years ago. Bridges symbolize the beginning of civilization, the rst human conquest over hostile territory, the determination to encounter others, and the means to wage or to end wars. In historical times, the most exceptional bridges were built by Romans. e Pont du Gard in southern France stands as a lasting example of their engineering talent. is majestic three-tiered aqueduct, built in 18 BC, is approximately 49 m tall by 273 m in length. But many other beautiful bridges of smaller dimensions were built by Romans, like the Julien Bridge over the Coulon River near Apt, in southern France (Figure 11.1).
