ABSTRACT
According to historians of science, Robert Hooke of Oxford University is reported to be the šrst person to use sound to manipulate particles: By using a violin bow and a plate covered with ‰our, he was able to show the modal patterns of the vibration of the plate already in 1680. Chladni systematically repeated these experiments while replacing ‰our with sand and published them in his book (Chladni, 1787) titled Discoveries in the Theory of Sound. These šgures came to be known as the Chladni šgures. In 1866, Kundt described a method to determine the speed of sound in ‰uids and solids, today known as Kundt’s tube (Kundt, 1866). Common to all this early work was the goal of understanding sound and vibrations, by looking at how small particles are displaced to nodes of vibration.
