Ageing

Renal: ➤ The kidney’s ability to both preserve and excrete water and electrolytes decreases. ➤ A reduction in muscle bulk is refl ected in a decreased baseline creatinine. ➤ Careful attention to fl uid balance, both peri and post-operatively, is required. ➤ It is sensible to avoid NSAIDs in those with pre-existing renal failure, and to limit their

use to 3 days in those with normal renal function. ➤ Be aware that a modest rise in creatinine level may refl ect a signifi cant decline in renal

function.