ABSTRACT
This chapter summarizes procedures for synthesizing carbon-
ate hydroxylapatite (CHAP), fluorapatite (CFAP), and chlorapatite
(CCLAP) in the laboratory, both for background information and
as a start for new research. Although the emphasis is on studies
that have appeared after the comprehensive review of Elliott,10
it is recognized that most of these laboratory procedures were
developed over the preceding decades; for example, the optimum
method for type A CHAP, exchange of synthetic hydroxylapatite
(HAP) by dry CO2, was developed by Bonel, 14 and that for type
B CHAP, dropwise addition of calcium acetate solution into a hot
phosphate-carbonate solution, was popularized by LeGeros.77 The
method for type A CHAP yields a product closely approaching
ideal end-member composition, but synthesis of type B CHAP is
less successful since infrared spectra of products usually indicate
significant amounts of type A carbonate ions, both ordered and
disordered in the apatite channel (see Chapter 6).
