ABSTRACT
The family Heterophyidae (Digenea) is a group of minute intestinal ukes infecting the small intestine of humans and animals.1,2 Twelve genera (29 species) of this family are so far known to infect humans around the world, which are contracted by ingesting raw or improperly cooked freshwater or brackish water sh.1 The major genera with more than two involving species include Metagonimus, Heterophyes,
22.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 427 22.2 Morphology and Classication .................................................................................................... 428
22.2.1 Metagonimus yokogawai ................................................................................................. 429 22.2.2 Metagonimus takahashii ................................................................................................. 429 22.2.3 Metagonimus miyatai ...................................................................................................... 430 22.2.4 Metagonimus minutus ......................................................................................................431 22.2.5 Metagonimus katsuradai ..................................................................................................431 22.2.6 Metagonimus otsurui ........................................................................................................431 22.2.7 Metagonimus hakubaensis ...............................................................................................431
22.3 Biology, Genetics, and Genomics .................................................................................................432 22.3.1 Biology ..............................................................................................................................432 22.3.2 Genetics and Genomics ....................................................................................................433
22.4 Diagnosis and Typing ................................................................................................................... 434 22.4.1 Conventional Techniques ................................................................................................ 434 22.4.2 Molecular Techniques ......................................................................................................435
22.5 Epidemiology and Molecular Epidemiology ................................................................................435 22.5.1 Metagonimus yokogawai ..................................................................................................435
