ABSTRACT
As part of the nano-safety research, exposure assessment has evolved over the last couple of years from explorative research toward more comprehensive exposure assessment to provide data for an appropriate risk assessment. Several review papers, for example, Kuhlbusch et al. (2011) and Clark et al. (2012), concluded that there is an urgent need for a systematic approach to harmonize and standardize both, workplace exposure assessment and test procedures simulating release during workplace activities and processes. More specically, agreement on harmonization of measurement metric, strategy, data processing, including statistical analysis, and reporting were indicated as key issues to enable future data pooling and building REACH-compliance Exposure Scenarios. Experts in the area of exposure assessment anticipated this challenge and established an informal group focusing on Global Harmonization of Measurement Strategies for Exposure to Manufactured Nano-Objects. A rst report listed recommendations with respect to all aspects of exposure assessment (Brouwer et al. 2012) and formed the basis for ongoing activities to establish a nano exposure database. This database Nano Exposure and Contextual
13.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 277 13.2 Measurement Devices ................................................................................... 279 13.3 Real and Simulated Workplace or Release Studies ...................................... 281
13.3.1 Source Domain 1: Synthesis of Nanoparticles ................................. 283 13.3.2 Source Domain 2: Handling of Powders, Low Energy ....................288 13.3.3 Source Domain 3: Handling of Nanomaterials, High Energy ..........288 13.3.4 Source Domain 4: Nanoparticle-Enabled End Products .................. 298
13.4 Discussion and Conclusion ...........................................................................299 References ..............................................................................................................309
