ABSTRACT
The use of operating microscopes in endodontics has seen the possibilities for endodontic treatment and retreatment expand dramatically.1 Retrieval of objects from within the root canal system to allow adequate disinfection can now be achieved where it was once impossible. An operating microscope is an invaluable tool in endodontics and one most endodontists would consider essential for carrying out the techniques described in this chapter. The published success rates for removal of fractured instruments from root canals using modern techniques have ranged from 68 to 87%.2-4 The majority of instruments requiring removal would appear to be rotary and most seem to fail in curved root canals. Decreased success was seen when the removal time was in excess of 45-60 minutes, the fragment was positioned apically and ultrasound was used for longer.4
