ABSTRACT
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, or ICSI, was introduced in the mid 1990s, for treatment of male infertility patients with low sperm concentration and motility as a primary indication (1). ICSI can also be used in nonoligozoospermic men, either in those with unexplained male infertility, characterized by normal seminal sperm concentration and motility yet diminished fertilizing potential, or spermatozoa with diminished paternal contribution. Other patients, with normal or close-to-normal sperm concentration and motility, are treated with ICSI in order to increase fertilization rates and pregnancy success, particularly in couples that failed to achieve pregnancy in previous IVF cycles. As it will be discussed, a key issue of ICSI is sperm quality, which depends on the method of sperm selection. Sperm quality may be assessed by the objective sperm biomarkers that have been the primary focus of the Huszar laboratory in the past two decades (2).
