ABSTRACT
Cells can be stored at low temperatures such as −196°C for unlimited time; the real challenge is their survival after returning to physiological conditions. One of the main issues in achieving the goal is the intracellular freeze that has to be overcome to increase survival. Mazur in 1984 (1) described equations that have been developed to analyze the kinetics of cellular water loss and permit one to predict the likelihood of intracellular freezing as a function of cooling rate.
