ABSTRACT
Bridges constitute important links in the ground transportation systems worldwide. It is the primary responsibility of an engineer to design bridges that are safe and durable. American Association of Highway and Transportation OfŒcials (AASHTO) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Design SpeciŒcations provide minimum requirements to ensure structural safety of bridges asconveyances.Thephilosophyofdesigningbridgeshavingadequatestructuralsafetyisoutlined in 2012 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Speci‘cations (AASHTO 2012) Article (Art.) 1.3 and is discussed in Section 3.2.
